CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(Monographs) 


ICIMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographles) 


Canadian  institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


^/gmmrj-wi 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


0 


D 

D 

n 


n 


n 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Covers  damaged  / 
Couverture  endommag^e 

Dr.^;ers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
-.ouv',rture  restaur6e  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I I    Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  g§ographiques  en  couleur 

0 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material  / 
Relie  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
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Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion  along 
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I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge 
int6rieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages 
blanches  ajoutees  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  et6  filmees. 

Additional  comments  / 
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L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
6X6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sont  peut-§tre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  m^tho- 
de  nonnale  de  filmage  sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 

Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I I   Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommag6es 


D 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pellicul6es 


Q   Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  d^color^es,  tachetees  ou  piquees 

I      I   Pages  detached  /  Pages  d6tach6es 

I  /[   Showthrough / Transparence 

I      I   Quality  of  print  varies  / 


n 


Quality  inegale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  supp':^-  '•     -  >- 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  ob  ,.  .  *-  J  li;  errata  slips, 
tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilrr, :'  ,o  pnsu  e  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  page.  '  'a'ement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  6t6  filmees  a  nouveau  de  fagon  a 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 

opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
film6es  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


This  Item  is  fiimed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below  / 

Ce  document  est  film4  au  taux  de  reduction  indique  ci-dessous. 


10x 

14x 

18x 

22x 

26x 

30x 

n/ 

12x 


16x 


20x 


24x 


28x 


32x 


V 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Harriet  Irving  Library 
University  of  New  Brunswick 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  i  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Harriet  Irving  Library 
University  of  New  Brunswick 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  film^s  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derni^re  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autros  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  '-»-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

MICROCOPY    RESOIUTION    TEST    CHART 

lANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No,  2i 


A     APPLIED  IM^GE 


1653    [05!    Ma.n    btref 

Rochester,    New   York        U609       ijSA 

(716)    '•»:  ^  0300  -  Phone 

(716)   288  -  5989  -  fa» 


HODGSON'S 

CONXRACT 

for 


f^\}^mpel,l,ve   W^Hp^ing   in  brief  and 
form   Iffe   methJdsyfenera/ly   employed 
ine  most  succh^ul  contractors 
]r.,VING  FULL  DETAILS/f  OH  ESTIMATING  COST 


BY  COST  PER  CUBIC  FOOT  OF  SIMILAR  BUILDINGS 

ESTIMATING  BY  THK  SUUARE.  ESTIMATING  IN  Rom  u 
QUANTITIES,  ESTIMATING  PER  UNIT  OP  ACc^oMMn„''" 
TION,   ESTIMATING     BV    ACCURATE    ^^  A  NT,  t  ,  ^T  E  Pc: 


With  Many  Tables,  Rules  a»d  Useful  Memoranda 


By  FRED    T.   HODGSON 

MEMBER  OF  o.  A.  A. 

Author  of- Tr.aUs^  on  Uses  of  The  Sicel  Square  r  "Modern  Car- 

Pf  ood-worter  and  Vf-to-dalc  Hardwood  Finisherr  etc. 


FREDERICK  J. 


CHICAGO 
DRAKE  &  CO 

1904 


PUBLISHERS 


coi'YRKiirr,  M04 

BV 

FKEDKKU  K  J.  DRAKE  &  COMPANY 
CHU  Alio 


PREFACE 


The  man  who  undertakes  to  build  a  book  worth  .n 

•  urarain^t'^a'r  tl'^  '-'  °^  ^^Po-^  ^ u^!  Ij 
su.h  III  P'"'"^  '^•■'""^  proposition.     Not  thit 

to  builders,  but  because  of  the  ever  shiffinl  ^f      .''''' 
of  labor  and  materials   anri   il  ^  °^  P""""" 

m«^'urL'el'Z"Y-   ""='"  '"'^  -<<  cons.an.s  of 
upon  as  being  correc,  and  in  this  work  I  h,v        J     '' 

n.y  effort,  have  no.  been  fln'res        '°"''  '""  '  '""^ 

of.  if  he  has  not  experie^eTn  buTdinrit!  ""'!: 
mature  Judgment  to  guide  nim  he  can  h.k"  ""'^ 
a  reliable  estimator      A  IT'  ^  ''^''  ''^*'°'"^ 

departments  of  science  and  art    tZe   's/  f 

road"  to  estim;.t,n„        i        •    .  '         ^     '^   "^   ""oya 
lo  estimatmg,  unless  it  be  that  which   I^^^ic  ♦ 

guess  work  and  financial  disaster     fh.f  ,        ^"^ 

Drp«    of  fK         .        ""i-idi  uisaster,    therefore,     et  me 
press,  at  the  outset,  on  the  minds  of  all  ownei  of  tWs 

3 


4  PR K FACE 

work  that  an  expert  estimator  can  only  become  ,o  by 
tudy  and  by  a  mastery  of  all  the  details  that  enter 
into  the  make-up  of  a  building,  added  to  a  keen  judg- 
ment and  a  comprehensive  knowlcdfje  of  the  markets, 
labor,  and  materials  employed  on  the  proposed  works. 
Many  an  honest  builder,  good  mechanic,  and  clever 
construct.on.st.  has  come  to  grief  by  taking  contracts 
too  low   because  of  his  lack  of  knowledge  in  estimat- 
ng.  and  thus  not  only  does  himself  a  great   wrong, 
^ut  he  also  disorganizes  the  whole  building  business  in 
us  neighborhood;  for  if  he  undertakes  to  do  a  certain 
job  for  a  given  price,  his  neighbors  will  expect  to  get 
s.nular  work  done  for  similar  Vices,   and   rival  con- 
down"?  '^'\'''T  ^'77  "^""•^-  '°g^^t  their  estimates 
down  to  his  level    and  in  doing  so  inferior  materials 
are    used,     ■scamping"    is    resorted    to.    and    labor    is 
crusheu  and  cheapened  to  meet  the  conditions. 

In  the  fcllowing  work  I  have  made  an  endeavor  to 
place  within  the  reach  of  every  workman  of  expe- 
nence  an  opportunity  of  qualifying  himself  to  under- 
take  the  preparing  of  figures  for  work,  so  that  he  can 
make  his  tenders  within  the  limits  of  reason-not 
absurdly  high,  or  ridiculously  low-so  that  only  with  a 
pen  or  pencil  and  this  book  he  may  be  able  to  figure 
out  and  price  a  set  of  quantities  in  short  order 

Great  pams  have  been  taken  to  collect  such  exact 
•  normation  as  may  be  found  useful  in  estimating 
e  ther  in  the  office  or  on  the  building,  with  the  obje^ 
of  forming  what  I  believe  will  prove  a  valuable  addi- 
tion to  building  literature  in  other  directions  than  that 
of  simply  being  a  price  book. 

nr^"-'l!^^'\'  '^''  ?"''  y'"^"'  '""^^^'^'^  °f  ^H  ><''nds.  raw 
or  finished    have  risen  in  price  from  25  to  50  per  ^ent 
and  labor  has  gone  up  in  nearly  the  same  proportion' 


PREFACE  J 

and  the  end  is  not  yet,  and  artificial  values  have  been 
created,  and  this  continual  fluctuation  must  always  Le 
considered  when  estimating,  because  no  rules  can  be 
so  dev.sed  as  to  be  as  elastic  as  price,  and  mate- 
nal  men  s  quotations.  This  fact,  or  facts,  only  go  to 
show  that  u.a-rever  prices  are  given  in  bo-'c  of  this 
sort,   they  should   be  accepted  with    s.-  otwith- 

standmg  this,  however,  the  principles  ..mating, 

as  here,,,  set  forth,  still  hold  good  in  so  .ar  as  quan^ 
titles  and  methods  arc  concerned. 

Collingwood.  Ontario,  May  i,  1904 

Fred  T.  Hodgsok. 


I* 

k 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR  AND 
CONTRACTORS   GUIDE 


INTRODUCTORY 

Estimating  the  cost  of  a  proposed  building  of  any 
kind  IS  not  of  a  nature  to  attract  the  young  workman, 
as  It  IS  a  dull,  dry,  and  methodical  business  and  only 
the  requirements  of  a  sordid  and  money-making  neces- 
sity compel  the  builder  to  wade  through  mazes  of  fig- 
ures to  attain  the  desired  result. 

If  the  writer  had  consulted  his  own  pleasure  and 
followed  his  inclinations  he  would  not  have  written  at 
all,  or  on  a  subject  more  congenial  to  his  taste;   but 
from   long  experience  and  observation  -and   more  or 
less  practice,  he  has  witnessed  so  much  ignorance  and 
maptitude  on  the  part  of  young  men  who  have  essayed 
to  be  builders  and  contractors  that,  with  the  advice  of 
his  publishers,  he  has  undertaken  to  prepare  this  work 
on  estimating,  because  it  has  been  thought  that  a  work 
of  the  kind  may  prove  useful  and  of  benefit  to  the 
young  man  who  aspires  to  be  a  master  builder  or  a 
contractor,  and  who  »my,  if  he  chooses  to  go  to  the 
trouble,  make  himself  fairly  competent  to   arrive  at 
the  cost  of  any  reasonable  sized  building.     It  may  as 
well  be  understood  at  the  outset,  however,  that  there 
IS  no  royal  road  by  which  eminence  as  an  estimator 
can  be  attained.     No  matter  what  system  or  method 
may   be   adopted,   correctness   can   only  be    reached 
through  an  avenue  of  labor  and  sound  judgment.     The 
best  and  most  ingenious  writers  on  the  subject  of  esti- 
mating have  never  yet  been  able  to  discover  or  devise 
a  method  where  the  .usl  of  a  building  may  be  "jumped 

9 


10 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


at     at  first  sight.     The  system  of  cubing  is,  perhaps 
the   eas.est  of  all  methods,  but  is  not  f  system   the 
exper,enced  builder  would  care  to  follow  altogether 

woTa:  '^b'  '^  '"r"'.'''.^  '''  '"^  ^°  -  P-P-e  this 
work  as  to  be  as  entertam.ng  as  a  nov.l,   I   will    to 

y  thr  ^e  ;Lf' ■"'T'  ""'''■'' ''  '-y  to'und:;!Ld 

oy  the  eNcry-day  workman  as  it  possibly  can  be 

Estimating  ,s  the  most  difficult  task  the  builder  has 
o  deal  w.th.  and  too  much  care  cannot  be  taken    even 

wanted.     Many  who  tender  make  up  their  orices  In  . 
haphazard   manner,   often    depending   on    tr^ade   c  ta 
logues,  pnce  lists  or  newspaper  quotations  for  da  a' 

w«  hout  a  full  or  even  a  fair  knowledge  of  the  scientific 
n.e.hod.  which  underlie  the  proper^formulat  ng  o  a 
tr'c'trr^^-    ^''''''  -hich'enable   succS       n! 

by  dis  ectint"  'f-  "'""  '^^  ^'^"^^^'^^^^  -^  -^---d 
various    f^'       '^r^    '"""^^'-    ^"d    examining    the 

P  e  e    es  l/tr      .''  "°  •''  "^'^^  ^'^^"^  "P'  ^^e  com- 

It  will   be   impossible   to  make  this  work   a   nere 
hand-book  of  builders'  prices,  as  what  may  be  the  ru"    g 

change  there  can  be  no  such  thing  as   -constants"  in 
prices.     I  can  g,ve  quantities,  however,  and  describe 

lo  the  student  the  prmcipics  upon  which  correct  esti 
lX"aV:'^"'-  '"'  ■''"'  '^'^  ^"'  ^'-^  ^'^  P ''ces  of 


airrau  m  ihc  iargcr  citie 


s,  not  to  be  fol- 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  ii 

lowed,  but  simply  to  give  an  idea  of  the  cost  of  various 
kiuds  of  work  when  no  other  data  is  available. 

No  man  can  be  a  successful  contractor  who  does  not 
attend  strictly  to  his  bookkeeping,  so  that  he  can  tell 
m  a  moment,  by  reference  to  his  books,  the  exact 
amount  of  profit  or  loss  on  the  various  job'=  of  work  he 
has  completed.  This  is  important,  inas.  uch  as  the 
mistakes  in  estimating  may  be  traced  to  their  source, 
and  thus  be  avoided  when  similar  jobs  a-  being  figured 
on;  and  much  trouble  and  disappointment  may  be 
avoided  by  having  the  accounts  on  every  job  itemized 
and  kept  in  proper  order.  I  will  have  more  to  say  on 
this  subject  later  on. 

All  estimates  should  be  retained,  properly  labeled, 
and  put  in  some  place  where  they  can  be  found  when 
required,  whether  the  work   for  which  they    vere  pre- 
pared is  secured  or  not,  for  they  will  often  prove  of 
great  service  for  future  reference;    and  th_-  estimator 
should  make  a  note  of  each  particular  en  n-hich  he  may 
have  priced  too  high  or  too  low,  if  his  tender  is  not 
accepted.     If  the  work  is  secured,  the  cost  of  each  par- 
ticular  Item  in  the  building  should  be  compared  with 
the  estimated  price,  a-A  a  note  should  be  made  on  the 
margin  of  the  original  estimate  showing  the  discrep- 
ancy, if  any,  between  Cb.imated  and  actual  price      A 
correct  account  of  all   labor,   how  employed,  should 
also  be  kept,  so  that  the  contractor  may  know      -.m 
actual  facts  exactly  what  a  piece  of  wo'k  costs,  |,e 

number  of  days  or  hours  it  required  to  perform  such 
and  such  work,  also  amount  and  cost  of  materials  on 
the  same  work;  then,  in  preparing  other  estimates,  he 
wiL  have  something  tangible  to  base  his  figures  on 
It  IS  better  to  estimate  on  .lavs  or  hn,,rs  for  time  and 
on  quantities  for  materials,  because  of  the  continual 


12 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


fluctuations  in  price  of  labor  and  mati  als  of  all  kinds. 
It"  it  takes  2^  days,  of  9  hours  each,  to  execute  a  piece 
of  work,  the  figuring  on  this  is  quite  simple,  for  all  we 
have  to  do  is  to  miltiply  the  number  of  hours  by  the 
price  per  hour  for  labor;  suppose  this  to  be  30  cents 
an  hour,  then  we  have  23^  x  30  075.  Tha;  is,  in  ^ 
days,  at  9  hours  per  day,  we  get  22^  hours  at  30  cents 
per  hour,  which  will  make  075  cents,  or  Of  do'lars. 
Quantities  may  be  figured  in  a  similar  manner.  If  the 
work  requires  150  feet  of  material,  then  charge  that  at 
current  rates,  whatever  these  maybe;  then  add  cost  of 
labor  and  material  together,  and  you  have  the  bare 
cost  of  the  work.  To  these,  of  cc  arse,  must  be  added 
cartage,  profit  and  any  other  materials  that  have  been 
employed  On  the  work,  such  as  nails,  screws,  glue, 
paint,  or  anything  else.  By  following  this  course,  a 
record  of  all  work  done  and  estimated  for  will  always 
be  at  hand,  and  it  is  surprising  how  much  the  labor  of 
tstimating  may  be  reduced  by  a  strict  adherence  to 
this  system,  as  a  comparison  with  work  done  and  work 
to  do  may  be  made  in  a  few  minutes,  and  the  differ- 
ence in  prices  of  l.ibor  then  and  now  adjusted  so  that 
no  loss  will  occur  to  the  contractor. 

The  variations  in  tenders  for  the  same  work  are  often 
surpr=  ing.  I  have  seen  estimates,  particularly  in  car- 
penter's and  joiner's  work,  run  up  to  as  much  as  jo />cr 
cent  above  the  tenders  of  competing  contractors,  yet 
the  lowest  bidder  made  money.  Competent  esti- 
mators never  make  such  wide  errors  as  this,  though 
often  they  do  not  keep  close  to  the  wind;  and  while 
mistakes  will  continue  to  be  made,  even  by  the  very 
best  estimators,  by  omissions,  "doubling  up,"  and 
using  wrong  dimensions,  the  mistakes  may  be  nar- 
rowed down  to  a  very  small  area  if  system,  care  and 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  G^JIDE  13 

juclgmnt  be  exercised  when  the  estimates  are  made 
. .  will  be  the  object  of  this  little  volume  to  narrow  this 
area  of  error  to  the  smallest  possible   limits,  and  to 
show  the  estimator  how  to  avoid  grievous  errors  and 
make  his  estimates  more  satisfactory  and  reliable. 

CATALOGUES   AND   PRICE   LISTS 

No  builder's  office  can  be  well  equipped  except  it 
contains  the  latest  catalogues  and  price  lists  av.r   jble 
for  on  these  the  estimator  must,  to  some  extent,  be 
dependent  in  his  figuring  on  the  cost  of  most  of  the 
material   that  goes  in  the  work.     Bricks,  stone   lime 
cement,    lumber,   hardware,   and    factory -made   stuff 
may  have  their  prices  approximated  from  these  publi- 
cations, but  the  shrewd  estimator,  while  making  use  of 
these  aids,  does  not  rely  upon  them  for  serious  pricing 
They  help  considerably,  as  they  contain  a  lot  of  con^ 
densed    information    regarding    prices    and   building- 
but  they  are  not  always  to  be  depended  upon,  as  they 
are   not  always  compiled   in   a   scientific   way       For 
example,  some  of  the  prices  include  trade  discount 
some  do    not,   while  others  are  merely  the  ordinary 
l.st  prices  of  merchants'  catalogue,.     The  discount  in 
Uself   largely  varies,    and    there   are   two.  and   often 
more,   discounts-a   trade   discount   and   a   cash   dis- 
count-and  other  mysterious  discounts,  such  as  30% 
and  0%    which  means  30  per  ce«t  off  and  5  per  cent 
off  the  balance;  and  again,  the  percentages  are  not  uni- 
form;  one  merchant  may  have  one  discount,  another 
another   so  ,n  all  cases  it  is  best  to  get  prices  and  dis- 
counts direct  from    the  merchant  wherever  possible. 
The  diversities  m  discounts  are  innumerable,  and  it  is 
the  estimator  s  duty  to  g  ,  definite  information  as  to 


M 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


prices  and  discounts  as  prevailing  in  the  locality  where 
the  work  is  to  be  done. 

Builders'  prices  are  broadly  made  up  of  two  divi- 
sions, labor  and  material,  to  which  may  be  added  a 
third,  namely,  profit.     The  cost  of  labor  and  material 
vary  from  time  to  time,  and  from  place  to  place,  and 
do  not  fluctuate  similarly.     Sometimes  labor  may  be 
high  and  materials  low  in  price,  and  at  other    imes 
materials  may  be  high  and  labor  low,  so  that  no  given 
rules  can  be  formed  to  meet  these  conditions  and  be 
constant,  and  this  fact  rules  price-books  out  of  the  race 
of  accuracy  for  any  length  of  time.     Such  things  as 
closeness  or  slackness  of  supervision,  misunderstand- 
ings as  to  quality  of  workmanship  or  materials,  worry- 
ing by  the  architect,  delay  in  furnishing  detail  draw- 
ings, differences   in   locality  and  site,  frost  and  bad 
weather,  sudden  and  unexpected  rises  and  falls  in  the 
market,  etc.,  will  all   help  to  alter  the  conditions  of 
profit  or  loss  for  the  contractor,   and  the  extent  of 
which  IS  almost  impossible  to  measure. 

When,  however,  the  contractor  has  worked  out  a 
series  of  prices  for  himself,  to  suit  both  time  and 
locality,  he  must  be  on  the  alert  for  parallel  cases  to 
avoid  the  great  labor  involved  in  making  calculations 
afresh  every  time  a  new  estimate  is  required.  In  fact 
he  should  carefully  prepare  a  sort  of  price-book  for 
himself,  suitable  to  the  conditions,  and  so  arranged 
that  It  can  be  revised  from  time  to  time.  Thus  a  con- 
sistency in  pricing  would  result,  which  is  of  consider- 
able importance. 

As  already  stated,  the  builder  will  be  confronted 
with  several  grades  of  discounts,  and  among  them  will 
he  ^  cash  discount.  This  may  be  more  or  less  or  any- 
where within  the  limits  of  from  2  to  5  per  cent,  and 'it 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  15 

"p  to  the  stanirr^r^-jiira^'Ucr^^^ 

Somefmes  it  may  happen   that  on  specTa,  '        f'^"'' 

some  particular  make  of  hardware  or  n.K       ?°°'^'  °'' 

discounts  are  allowed      Th       k  °^^"  ''*^'"«'  "o 

ciiiouea.      ihis,  however   nn  r,r,i     u 

pen  when  a  dealer  has  the  sole  control  ^f^h  ^  "P" 
goods,  or  when  there  is  a  scarcitl  nf  ."' 'P'"^' 
market,  or  when  a  sudden  del' J  f  .""  '"  '^'' 
These  conditions,  however   seldom  or  ""  ''''''■ 

they  may  hardly  be  cons  de red  ^  k"'"'"'  °''"'"'  ^° 
shrewd  contracl^r.  the  "  u/stl  o"f  r'  '"'^"'^^  °^  ^ 
largely  into  the  make  up  of  an  est  m.t'^'^  ^"^'" 
^^ here  close  competitionl^Ldy  Zr^^^^^'^'y 

The  queslion  of  profit  is  one  ih,.  m    '"""'"■ 
sidere<1    „he„   cs.iLting     10  p  re™,  i. ^^'^","°- 
profi.  a.  .he  e„'d  of  a  Jl     T^llLlTuZr 

Lri;rwLr.htp?:fi:ifr-— --oTo? 

expenditure  in  such  a  case  is  much  1  *''*^' 

.J«e,o.e  .he  pe„e„.a.e  or;?ofitsLT/„rrT;::' 
than  lo  per  cent  on  work  costing  ud  to  *o  «nn    u 


i6 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


h- 


and  rapid-working  labor  appliances  of  all  kinds,  can 
naturally  turn  out  work  cheaper  and  more  expeditiously 
and  at  a  greater  profit  to  himself  than  the  small  con- 
tractor who  possesses   none  of  these  appliances  and 
aids.     Often  the  latter,  in  order  to  save  himself  from 
loss,  IS  obliged  to  scamp  the  work  and   use   inferior 
materials,  which  he  can  frequently  "get  in"  without  the 
architect  being  able  to  detect  it;  he  is  often  obliged  to 
do  this  in  order  to  keep  himself  afloat.     My  advice  in 
cases  of  this  kind  is,  that  the  lower  contractor  should 
confine  himself  to  certain  prices-that  will  pay  him- 
and  if  he  cannot  win  the  work  for  these  prices  he  had 
better  leave  the  work  for  the  larger  contractors,  and 
thereby  preserve  his  reputation  and  his  money.     The 
small  contractor  can  always  find  plenty  of  work  to  do 
if  he  but  gets  a  good  name   for  doing  his  work  well 
and  according  to  specification. 

Where  there  are  dozens  of  doors  made  from  one 
pattern,  as  many  window  frames  and  sashes,  and  bun- 
dreds  o{  feet  of  mouldings  in  wood  or  stone  of  one 
shape  and  size,  they  can  be  rattled  out  by  machinery  in 
short  or_  •  and  at  a  comparatively  low  cost,  and  this 
IS  an  Item  the  estimator  must  consider,  as  it  will  aid 
materially  in  keeping  down  the  total  amount  of  tender- 
in  any  case,  however,  experience  and  judgment  in 
such  matters  are  required  before  a  definite  amount  can 
be  decided  upon. 

With  reference  to  terms  of  payment,  it  is  always 
better  that  the  contractor  gets  his  money  often,  as'it 
enables  mm  to  push  his  work  with  greater  vigor,  and 
gives  him  a  chance  of  making  the  best  cash  discounts 
when  purchasing  materials,  and,  on  these  several 
accounts,  he  will,  bo  able  to  make  a  lovv-r  bid  for  the 
work    than    otherwise.      The  reserve  to  be  deducted 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  ,; 

fromj^ach  pa,vm,:nl  should  ntvor  exceed  25  ner  en, 
w  .ch  ,s  c.,„sKl„e.l  .-.m,,:,..  ,o  cover  any  la.„/„7„„"  ! 
o"  ir  T  "'■■"  """  "'"'  '■"^■'•"'-"  ""■■  in.erc.s„  of  The 

contracting  that   must   not  be  overlooked      Ti,.. 
con,.,     of    salaries,    d,.„recia,i„„    o     "„ ,  ',     ['"," 
mach,„ery    rent  o,  pren.ises,  li„h,s,  „a,er,  .    d    „"    I 
"t  m  ca,.„al  n.ves.ed.  of  uhich  the  new  work  mns, 
pay  Its  proportional  share,  and  these  ch-,,,,,  .  .K 
-c  U.p,  separate  and  added'  ,o  thl  e^„  .,;:;  1,  ™ 

I  i.ced  at  (,  per  e.nt  interest  on  capital  invested    and  t 
P"  cent  for  depreciation  of  plant    etc       if'  ? 
they  are  classed  in  iwo  catecor^es    r  S°"'ctimes 

done  on  the  l,uildinB.°,n  ^pe    ce   t  oT  ""i  T  "'"'' 
tlle  contracor's  fact'  rv  o    sh"^,  ,      The  ''"""  '" 

iu,„ever  arc  so.ewiiat  ar.i.^r;,  ,::d":h  :rr;^::e 

ny  L  d 'r^^efrd"::";"'  ••""!'  '""'  '-"•™™'  '^- 

£er  as    rejnrs'lal-r- Z*r-^-- 

:arIeryr;rrc'o'srr:?^"";;  z  "T"  ^'""' 

atc.nearh,.,^^„^    J'^,j;j^^;^w.*^^ 

w,,erethe„„rUsa,adist,aL,,he':™:io;'.,,t' 
gra"r  Wh°"  ""^S""""  »'>'  "-essarilvlJri  h' 
betlr       H    h       ='""'""'"=  <"■"  aJmi,  of  it,  i,  is  always 

:s-;"ai^t^:;h^:r^:--rsd; 


i8 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


li 


should   make   himself   familiar  with    all    the  ways   of 
communication  to  the  spot  where  the  building  or  build- 
ings are  to  be  erected,  and  should  get  a  schedule  of 
rates  from  all  the  lines  running  to  that  point.     A  good 
idea  is  to  get  a  map  of  the  district  which  shows  all  the 
railway  and   water  communication;  then   the  shortest 
and  best  routes  can  be  chosen,  providing  the  rates  are 
satisfactory.     As  I   stated  before,   it  is  much   better, 
when  It  can  be  done,  to  ship  by  water  than  by  land,  as 
because   of  the    absence  of   vibration,   fine  work    will 
be    less     likely   to    be    injured    or    scratched    during 
transit,  and.  as  a  rule,  rates  are  always  lower  by  water 
than  by  land.     The  average  rate  for  the  shipment  of 
goods  in  this  country  is  about  Ij  cents  per  -^ije  for 
short  hauls,  and  something  less  for  long  hauls.*  Rates 
however,  vary  with  the  different  roads  and  at  different 
times,  the  highest  rates  being  in  winter,  in  the  north, 
v.-hen   the  waterways    are    frozen   up.      Classification, 
also,  has  something  to  do  with  regulating  rates.     All 
goods  should  be  insured  or  shipped  at  the  carrier's 
risk,  then  losses  or  damages  will  be  covered.     If  goods 
have  to  be  packed,  or  put  up  in  crates  or  boxes,  at 
least  la  per  cent  should  be  allowed  for  this  work  and 
material,  and  should  be  charged  on  the  special  goods 
boxed  or  crated  only,  but  added  to  the  esLimat'^s. 

Goods  sent  at  carrier's  risk  that  get  damage  i.  should 
be  returned  by  the  same  carriers  free  of  -est  and 
when  repaired  or  renewed  should  be  delivtr-d  at  the 
point  where  first  destined,  at  the  cost  onlv  of  the  first 
shipment  of  the  same  goods.  That  is,  the  shipper 
should  pay  for  one  shipment  only. 

Where   a   quantity   of   goods  'of   a    similar   kind   is 

required,  a  special  (}uotation  should  be  given  the  con- 

*Per  ton.  ^  


%: 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  19 

.rac.or  by  ,hc.  dc-.k,.  and  .hi,  ,h„uld  „cv„  1...  „,„. 

s  ^a  ur  LirLuidrs,  they  can  bi-  nhMin.^,1 
<>"  y  on  pr,va,c  applica.ion.  Thcfr  an,„u,  ,s  '  ^a,  1 
Ic-pend  on  the  ,|uanti.y  „(  K„„d,  ordcr«l  a^d  .S 
'■■■:«"  •'"-•  ""'»  'ho  1-S.r  ,hc.  pcTc.„,a«,.^tr 
The  forcBoing  r,-n,ark»  arc  offered  as  1,1,  .'.f 
l..n.na,y  and  shonid  be  w„„  c„„si<  l"b;  '  LZ 
•ng  c.„„,a>or,  a,  ihcy  conlain  much  .hat  Jill     ,  1     , 

r„rar  T^rr  —^ '-  "■"^''. ". 
e.i.:;p4'; wirit.  ;r '.;:;".;;:':  c:  a?: 

resnU  ,hae  will  be  nearly  correct  and  satisfacl'     "'  ' 


SYSTEM    IN   ESTIMATING 


ovcrioCed  anylh.^gt:  'L  oV  Zd  .i'^is  ^h:."o1 
omission.     To  overlook   the   roof --p.    t    h? 
or,e  instance  of  the  kinC-the  Zors.  tl  Jdots!  or^n^ 
h  ng  else,  is  a  serious  matter,  and  in  order  to  prevxnt 
^h^    as  rnwch  as  possible  I  have  prepared  a  list  oHten" 

in  r^nA         u      ^^'^'"'"^"     «f  What  will   be  required 
to  consider  when  making  an  estimate  of  -,  kTJ 
complete.  t^^nmate  ot  a  building 

co™^:.:cT:;Th^e\:r7h':o%"h'  7 ''':'■  -""  ^"o"'" 

«nar.  drainage,  foundations,  trenches  Tnd  o.h        ' 
ar  work    then   th«  .'  '"="^nt.s,  and  other  simi- 

work,  then  the  preparing  and  the  laying  of  the 


20 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


I.-,      !> 
: 


foundations,  whether  of  stone,  concrete,  or  brick;  and 
the  same  order  should  be  followed  throughout  the 
whole  building,  until  the  whole  is  fully  completed, 
from  turning  the  first  shovelful  of  earth  until  the  last 
.piece  of  finished  work  is  put  in  place. 

The  following  items  will  remind  the  estimator  of  the 
things  to  be  figured  on  as  he  works  his  way  upwards: 


Inspection  of  site 

Kx.iiiiinatioM  of  soil 

Note  if  j;r:ivcl,  soil,  or  .sand 

Kisuri'  jicconlinfily 

Get  nuinlxT  of  cuhic  yards 

The  distance  to  he  removed 

Where  to  he  deposited 

Pumping  water 

How  drained 

SeweraRO 

What  depth  of  drain.s 

Depth  of  cellar 

Depth  of  foundation  walls 

Width  of  footinj^s 

Iiock  hlastinn; 
ShorinK  h.ank.s 

Piling  for  foinidations 

Sheet  pilinj; 

Kxcavation.s  for  piers 

Cesspool 

Cistern 

Trenches 

Cuttings  for  water  pipes 

(iradinK 

l.evelinK  cellar  floor 

\\  .  C.  for  workmen 

l!emo\  in}.'  fences 

<!r!ihhiii;;  out  tree  stmnps 

Hemo\  inj;  suri)lus  soil 

Kemovinj;  debris 

Sodding 

Carriageways 


Footpaths 

Driveways  to  roar 

Tamping  earth 

Concreting  foundation 

Openings  for  drain  pipes 

I-aying  drain  ])ipos 

.\re;i  of  all  tiles 

Weeping  tiles 

Klhows  and  l)pnds 

Traps  of  all  kind.s 

Intake  water  pi|)e.s 

Waste  pipes 

Footings 
Cellar  wall.s 

Furnace  room 
Walls  laid  in  cement 
Walls  laid  in  lime  mortar 
Wails  built  u{)  of  concrete 
Stt>ne  walls,  field  stone 
Stone  walls,  quarried  stone 
Stone  walls,  dimension  stone 
Brick  Willis  for  cellar 
Amount  of  stone 
Amount  of  bricks 
.Amount  of  concrete 
Cellar  steps 
Cellar  windows 
Cellar  iloors 
Cellar  partitions 
Cellar  coping  stones 
Cellar  sills  and  lintels 
Hond  stones 


m^^^fs^^. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


21 


Colin  r  water  closet 

Water  taps,  etc. 

Concrete  and  cement  floor 

Plank  floor 

Earth  floor  tamped 

Wine  cellar 

Vegetable  cellar 
Coal  storage  bins 
Coal  chute 
Ashes  receiver 
Cellar  stairs 
Prescr\c  closet 
Shelving 

Plastering  walls  and  ceilings 

I>:Mnp  courses  in  walls 

Double  sashes  in  windows 

Doors,  what  kind 

Fireplace  and  chimney 

Laundry  tulw 

Hot  and  cold  water  supply 

Furnace  and  attachments 

Furnace,  hot  water 

Furnace,  steam  water 

Furnace,  hot  air 

Gas  jets,  how  many 

Electric  lights,  how  many 

Laundry  table 

Clothes  drying  device 

Mangle 

Chimney  piece 

Stove  rings 

Hegisters 

Cellar  finish 

Wardrobe  hooks  and  pins 

Cupboards  and  drawers 

Tool  room 

\\  ash  bowl  and  stand 

Kind  of  hardware 

Ground  floor 

Numi)or  of  ronnis 

Number  of  doors 


Number  of  windows 

Style  of  doors 

Style  of  windows 

Sizes  of  doors  and  windows 

Thickness  of  doors  and  windows 

Kind  of  glass 

How  windows  are  hung 

Hardwood  or  pine  finish 

Outside  walls,  stone,  brick  or 

wood 
Thickness  of  walls 
If  stone,  rock  face 
Tooled,  rubbed 
Cross  tooth  chiseled 
Crandalled 
Brick  wall 

Thickness  of  brick  walls 
Common  bricks 
Pressed  bricks 

First,  second  or  third  quality 
Mixed,  brick  and  stone 
Walls  ornamented 
Walls  left  plain 
Window  finish 
Urinals 
Slate  slabs 

Exterior  window  finish 
Interior  window  finish 
Exterior  door  finish 
Interior  door  finish 
Betting  courses 
Sailing  courses 
Laid  in  cement  or  mortar 
Front  steps,  stone 
Front  steps,  cement  or  wood 
Hall  entrance 
Double  floor,  pine 
Hardwood  floor 
Parquet  floor  in  some  rooms 
Tile  floors 
Dimensions  of  joists 


t.yiknm  -.■^tmr^*- 


HURWWPRBSBffrsi 


22 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


Thickness  of  floors 

Height  of  ceilings 

Stairs,  straight 

Stairs,  winding 

Stairs,  phitform 

I'ine  or  hardwood 

Kind  of  lia.-dwood 

Styles  of  newels  and    balusters 

I'lainfinisli  in  rooms 

Ornanieiitai  .Inish  in  rooms 

Fret  and  grill  work 

Arciies,  plain  or  otherwise 

Styles  r/  plastering 

Stucco  cornices 

Styles  of  cornices 

Sliding  doors 

Fireplaces 

How  many 

Mantelpieces 

Mantelpieces,  plain  or  ornamen- 
tal 

How  finished 

Dther  wood  finish 

Pil.'ars,  columns  or  brackets 

Ba^c  and  plinth 

Style  of  trimmings 

Style  of  hardware 
'^"ost  of  hardware 
Grates  •iii'!  tiles 
Mirrors 
Gas  ligliting 
Jets  and  gaseliers 
Klcctric  light ii.g 
IHcctroliers  and  biarkets,' 
Fiping  for  gas 
^^■iring  for  electric  l.^htu 
Fitting  clothes  clo:s<-ts 
Fitting  up  den 
Fitting  up  closets 
Fitting  up  cellar  stairs 
l"itting  up  diiiin;;  rnrsm 


Fitting  up  other  rooms 

Kitchen  finish 

Tubs,  sinks,  dresser 

Cupboards,  china  closet 

Butler's  pantry 

General  pantry 

Range 

Steam  cooker 

Chimneys 

Wntilation 

Painting 

V'arnisliing 

Wainscot 

Panelings 

Washstands 

Marble  facings  for  walls 

Double  windows 

Sashes,  weights  and  cords 

Box  frames 

Plain  frames 

Window  stools 

Inside  shutters 

Inside  blinds 

Splay  boxes 

Tiled  hearths 

Sash  locks 

Tiled  facings 

Back  stairs 

Servant's  room 

Bay  window 

Oriels 

Veranda 

Front  porch 

Rear  porch 

Stoop 

BacK  areas 

Front  areas 

Iron  railings 

Stone  railings 

Balconies 

Window  hoods 


I 


AND  COxNTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


Door  hoods 

Door  stops 

Door  springs 

Plate  glass 

Stained  glass 

Xiches 

Closet  fittings 

Provide  for  heating 

Conservatory 

Corrugated  glass 

Skylights 

Handrail,  oak  or  nialiogany 

Bracketed  stairs 

Anchors  and  tie  iro's 

Vaults 

Angle  irons 

Bond  timbers 

Carving,  if  any 

Scaffolding 

Temporary  enclosure 

Iron  beams 

Iron  columns 

Gas  pipe  pillars 

Water  oi:  main  floor 

Taps,  nickol  plated 

Taps,  plain 

Glazier's  work 

Meters,  syphons 

Elbows,  pendents 

Painting 

Paper  hanging 

Iron  pipes 

Lead  pipes 

Brass  pipes 

Washers,  wastes 

Plugs,  grating 

Pumps,  suction  pipes 

Wall  hooks,  supply  pipes 

Cast  iron  work 

Wrought  iron  work 

Stucco  work  generally 


Stucco  friezes,  enrichments 
Stucco  patcras,  panels 
Stucco  moldings 
Stucco  beads,  straight 
Stucco  beads  over  arches 
Stucco  arrises,  quirks 
Stucco  reveals  angles 
Stucco  centerpieces 
General  plastering 
Two  coats 
Tlirce  coats 
I-athing 
Quality  of  latlis 

Sand,  lime  and  hair 

Plaster  of  Paris 

Clean  water 

Sound  story  joists 

Studding  for  partitions 

Beams 

Trimmers  for  hearths 

Trimmers  for  stairs 

Trimmers  for  chimneys 

Strapping  walls 

Dimensions  of  strapping 

Wooden  bricks 

Plugging  walls 

Nailing  strips 

Temporary  sashes 
Lanterns 
Louvres 
Thresholds 
If  metal  ceilings 
If  metal  cornices 
Metal  centerpieces 
Bridging  joists 
Bridging  studding 
Dimensions  of  studs 
Double    partitions    for    sliding 
doors 

Lining  pocket  of  sliding  doors 
Hanging  sliding  doors 


24 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


Framing  wooden  liouse 
BoiirdiiiK  inside 
Boarding  outside 
Boarding  both  sides 
Papering  one  or  Ijoth  sides 
Horizontal  boarding 
Diagonal  boarding 
Tar  paper  or  plain  paper 
Outriggers 
Towers 

Two-story  bay  windows 
Two-story  oriels 
Two-story  baleony 
Two-story  porelies 
Two-story  verandas 
Three  or  more  stories  of  same 
Iron  railings  for  balconies 
Wood  railings  for  same 
Ornamental  iron  column 
Ornamental  brackets,  iron 
Iron  supports  for  platform 
Iron  trusses  for  balconies 
Iron  plates  for  piers 
Other  iron  work 
Siding  frame  buildings 
Half-timbered  building 
Rough  cast  building 
Brick  veneered  building 
Wood  cornice  outside 
Metal  cornice  outside 
Siiingle  cornice  outside 
Brick  cornice  outside 
Stone  cornice  outside 
Attic  floor  joists 
Rafters 
Collar  beams 
Trusses  for  roofs 
Framing  for  dormers 
Framing  for  eye-winkers 
Dormer  windows 
Chimney  stacks 


Framing  roof 

Boarding  roof 

Mortar  under  shingles 

Mortar  under  slate 

Asbestos  pajjer  under  covering 

Common  paper  under  covering 

Siiingle  roof 

Slate  roof 

Tile  roof 

Composition  roof 

Tin  roof 

Galvanized  iron  roof 

Roofs  painted 

Flashing  of  all  kinds 

Tin  flashings 

Zinc  flashings 

Galvanized  iron  flashings 

Eave  troughs 

Conductor  pipes 

Size  of  conductor  pipes 

Mansard  roof 

Saddle  roof 

Hip  roof 

Flat  roof 

Tower  roof 

Square  tower  roof 

Conical  roof 

Steeple  roof 

Polygon  roof 

Bay  window  roof 

Porch  roof 

Roof  over  balcony 

Veranda  roof 

Framings  for  veranda 

Chamber  floors 

Attic  floors 

Bedroom  fittings 

Number  of  doors  in  bedrooms 

Washbasins 

Closets,  Drawers  and  fitinenla 

Servants'  bedrooms 


m^^mi'mr^^'^^^^s^r^iW 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S   GUIDE 


25 


Hall,  sewing  room 

('()iitinuou.s  stairway 

Hatiiroom  and  fitments 

Water  closfit,  in  what  style 

Hatlirooni  washstand 

Linen  closet 

N  iirsery 

Fireplaces 

Mantels 

Tiling  for  fireplaces 

Base,  style  of  finish 

Hiiilt  in  seats 

I'inisli  in  main  bedroom 

I'itiish  in  mirserv 

Finish  in  servant's  room 

Finish  in  bathroom 

Finish  in  hall 

Finish  in  clos<!ts 

Openings  and  arches 

Style  of  painting 

Pine  finish 

Hardwood  finish 

Character  of  finish 

Cost  of  hardware 

Style  and  cost  of  hath  tub 

Style  of  water  closet 

Marble  washstanu 

Tiled  walls 

Tiled  floor 

Marble  lined  walls 

Ventilation 

Air  ducts 

Kegister 

Bath  trimmings 

Shower  bath 

Hot  and  cold  water 

Stairway  to  attic 

Attic  storerooms 

Attic,  clothes  dryif;g  room 

Children's  playroom  in  attic 

Imide  trim  of  dormer  win  !..ws 


General  finish  of  attic 

\\'ater  closet  and  lavatory   in 

attic 
Painti'ig  in  attic 
Attic  doors 
Heating  attic 
Attic  storeroom 
Children's  toy  room 
Hall  in  attic 

liailing  around  attic  stairway 
Closets  in  attic 
Water  in  attic 
Plastering  in  attic 
Attic  walls  all  boarded 
Matched  ceiling  in  attic 
Attic  hardware 
Chimney  tops 
Style  of  chimney  tops 
Chinuiey  pots 
Finishing  top  of  chimney 
Stone  tops 
Cement  tops 
Metal  tops 
Roof  decks 
Hailing  for  decks 
Rolls  for  ridges 
Cresting  for  ridges 
Wood  cresting 
Metal  crestings 
Terra  cotta  crestings 
Terra  cotta  panels 
Terra  cotta  work  generally 
Hatchway  in  deck 
Scuttle  in  deck 
Lead  work 
Copper  work 
Tin  work 
Roof  pain'ing 
P.-untcd  or  dipped  shingles 
Stairs  to  roof  or  deck 
Flagpole 


%%m 


26 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


Halyards 

Wire  guards 

Snow  guards 

Storm  sasliPH 

Storm  doors 

Screen  doo:  , 

Wire  screens  for  windows 

\\'ood  gaijlcs 

Hrick  or  stone  gal)les 

Half-timbered  gaijles 

Plastered  gables 

Shingled  gables 

Deafening  floors 

Deafening  walls 

Pugging  floors 
Sub-floors 
Diagonal  floors 
Hough  floors 
Cellar  sleepers 
Cedar  posts 
Chestnut  posts 
Spandid  panels 
Lattice  work 
Entrance  approach 
Porte-coch6re 
Stepladders 
Refrigerator 
Cold  storage  shehing 
W'ine  bottle  racks 


Folding  partitions 

Boxed  shutters 

';oxed  blinds 

Sliding  blinds 

Uolling  blinds 

Venetian  blinds 

Dumb  waiter 

Transom  doors 
Transom  windows 
Mullion  windows 
Circular  top  windows 
Elliptical  windows 
Double-hung  windows 
Single-hung  windows 
\^'indows,  plain 
Windows,  ornamental 
Pavements 
Slop  hoppers 
Vestibule 

Vestibule  partition 
Vestibule  floor 
Hardwood  or  tile 
Wainscot  in  vestibule 
Wainscot  up  stairway 
Paneled  stair  strings 
Hardwood  stairs 
Wood-shed 
Coal-shed 


While  the  foregoing  does  not  pretend  to  give  all  the 
Items  that  maybe  required,  it  offers  to  the  estimator 
some  h.nts  as  to  what  is  required,  in  a  general  way,  for 
domestic  but Idmgs.  For  factories,  stables,  barns,  ware- 
houses, public  buildings,  churches,  schools,  railway 
stations,  and  similar  work,  a  more  elaborate  list  would 
be  required,  but  the  estimator  should  be  able  to  find  all 
.  •■'■  .-i^^^'^^-'i^ns  pi-cpdrcu  tor  the  work 
under  consideration,  and  if  he  is  thorough  he  will  add 


fm^. 


'  ■*-'«t.,*i:i5ifc : 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDK  27 

to  the  list  as  given  above  such   items,  with  their  cost 
as  he  goes  over  them  when  figuring.  ' 

DIFFERENT   METHODS   OF   ESTIMATING 

It    is    said    there    are    not    less    than    five    different 
methods  of  estimating.     Four  of  these  are  uncertain 

cost  of  some    proposed    work,   and  are  chiefly  made 
use  of  by  architects  and  engineers  to  give  their  clTents 
an  ,dea  o    cost  before  going  into  actuaf  buildin'/opera 
nons.     The  fifth   method,  which   is  the  only^eXble 
method,  .s  the  taking  out  of  exact  quantitie^  item  by 

The  first  of  these  methods  is  the  estimating  by  the 
cost  per  cub.c  foot  of  similar  br-'ldings.  It  is  fhe  best 
known  method,  and  most  usua.y  adopted  be  aus  o 
s  general  convenience.  The  dimensions  are  bes 
taken  by  measunng  the  length  and  breadth  from  out  to 
out  of  walls  and  the  height  from  half  foundation  to  half" 
way  up  roof.     The  cubic  contents,  then  obtained    are 

bu   dmg.     Sometimes  the  height  is  measured  from  the 
botton.  of  footings  to  half-way  up  the  roof.     Cheaper 
a  tached  structures,  such  as   annexed    stables    sheSs 
etc.,  should  be  kept  separate  and  priced  lowe;.-  wht 
more  ornamental   portions,    like   towers  and  p;rrh 

Snl   I      M^'"'^'  "'  '  '■■^^'^^  "^^  '""'^  ^he  main  block 

o.   f  If  tt  ^'^'  '"'  "°"   '"  P^°P°^^'-  than  large 
ones  ot  the  same  type. 

This  cubing  system  is  open  to  some  objections.     The 

umping  together  of  solids  and  voids  at  one  rate  is  cer- 

...nly  not  scientific,  for  the  same  c!...s  of  building. 

i";crn^I        vlf         T    '"'"^^   ^•^^"^^    -'th    numerous 
mternal  solids   ,n   the  shape  of  walls,  etc.,   between- 


28 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


while  another  may  have  comparatively  few  chambers, 
creating  much  empty  space.  In  fact,  t-  e  proportion 
of  voids  to  the  solid  structure  is  not  a  fixed  quantity, 
so  that  the  price  per  cubic  foot  can  never  be  exactly 
regulated.  This  method  requires  a  large  experience 
and  a  nicety  in  pricing  which  the  estimator  cannot 
always  possess.  The  description  and  quality  of  mate- 
rials and  workmanship,  too,  are  seldom  the  same- 
neither  are  the  conditions  of  contract,  and  these  varia- 
tions are  frequently  overlooked  when  a  certain  rate  per 
cubic  foot  is  assumed. 

A  second  method  is  to  take  out  rough  quantities  and 
price  the  items  as    the  estimate    proceeds.       In    this 
case  the  quantities  of  materials  and  workmanship  are 
ascertained  from  the  drawings  in  a  broad  and  compre- 
hensive manner,  the  work  being  concentrated  as  much 
as  possible  into  a  few  specific   items  and   afterwards 
priced  accordingly.     Although  this  course  is  perhaps 
less  generally  used  than  any  other  for  estimating  pur- 
poses, yet  It  IS  one  of  the  most  reliable  methods  that 
can  be  adopted  when   time  and  circumstances  do  not 
admit  of  detailed  quantities  and  prices.     The  fact  that 
such  a  method  is  not  more  frequently  used  is  probably 
due  in  a  great  measure  to  the  want  of  a  readily  access- 
ible table  of  prices  for  the  different  groups  of  materials 
and  labor.     Slightly  more  time  is  also  required  for  this 
purpose  than  when  the  cost  is  arrived  at  by  the  cubic 
contents  or  any  other  methods  except  by  rietail  pricing 
The  final  result,  however,  is  nearer  the  truth  than  it 
would  be  by  cubing.     In  estimating  by  this  method  it 
will  be  well  to  add  lo  per  cent  for  contingencies 

When  rough  quantities  are  being  taken  for  an  approx- 
imate estimate,  it  is  desirable  that  the  various  descrip- 
tions  of  materials  and  workmanship  should  be  grouped 


'%.« 


WW 


AX13  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  29 

togetlu-r  so  ns  to  form  as  few  separate  items  as  pes- 

shoulV'T'  '"        """  "'"''  '■'  ""  '"  ^'^"^''  ^he  items 
hould  be  pnccd  as  per  sc,„ar,   of   100  feet  superficial 
for  ^he  sake  of  uniformity  and  convenience 

'  walls  should  i,e  classed  according  to  their  mate- 
r  nd  thickness,  at  the  same  time  stating  v  hether 

external  or  mternal.  Each  item  should  include  all 
n.cessary  d.gg.ng,  footings,  doors,  windows,  and  fin- 
■shmgr  of  wall  surfaces,  such  as  plastering,  facings  to 
external  walls  etc.,  so  that  the  item,  and  consequent  y 

il''t"\h      '  '"  '"^'"^'--f  everything  that'appr- 

ams    to  the  var.ous    enclosures   or   divisions   of   the 

-.l.hng.     K,r  this  purpose  the  superficial  area  of  the 

vails  should  be  obtained  by  taking  the  extreme  length 

of  each  wall  by  the  height  from  the  bottom   of  fl^e 

foot.ngs  to  the  top  of  the  eaves,  in  cases  where    he 

the    vyall   vary  m    thickness,   either  in    its    length    or 
height   each  port.on  should   be  measured   separately 
No  deductions    must  be    made  for  door,    window  o 
o  her  open.ngs.      Bay  windows.   chimne;s  and  o^he 
.  d.t.ons  of   a   hke  nature  should   be  numbered  and 
pnc  d  aecord.ng  to  their  materials  and  workmanshTp 

that  described  for  the  walls.     The  ground  and  upper 
floors  must  be  kept  separate,  and  classed  according'to 
the  materials  and  finishings  required.     The  item  for 
wood  floors  on  the  ground  flool  to  include     1™ 
cl-arf  walls,  joists,   boarding,    hearths,   etc.     togThe; 

area,  and  all   necessary  digging  for  same.     Similarly 
oncrete    or   other    floors  will    include   all    mateSs' 
labor,    and    finished    surfaces    that   may   be   rJZtd 
The  upper  floors  to  be  treated  in  a  sLilar  m'an  er' 


30 


HODGSOXS  ESTIMATOR 


I 


(I 


The  item  to  incliuk-  all  joists,  boarding,  hearths,  ceil- 
ings, cornices,  and  whiteninfj  or  colorinff  the  same. 
The  roof  coverinj,'s  to  be  measured  on  the  slope,  the 
item  beinj,' inclusive  of  roof  trusses,  rafters,  boardiuf., 
shin{,din^,r.  slatinjr  or  other  covering,',  leadwork,  eave- 
tjutters,  down  pipes,  etc.  Ceiling  joists,  ceilings  and 
whitening  or  coloring  to  ceilings  will  also  be  included 
in  the  same  icems  here  retjuired. 

Drains,  gas  and  water  mains,  electric  wiring,  and 
items  of  a  similar  nature,  should  be  taken  at  per  foot 
or  peryanl  run,  according  to  sizes,  including  all  neces- 
sary digging,  laying,  filling,  and  removal  of  surplus 
materials.  Manholes,  disconnecting  pits,  etc.,  to  be 
numbered  and  priced  according  to  size  and  average 
depth.  ** 

Staircases  to  be  taken  at  per  step,  or  per  foot  in 
height,  classed  according  to  their  widths,  and  the 
nature  of  the  materials  and  finishings.  (Jas  and  water 
fittings  to  be  priced  at  per  light  or  per  tap,  including 
all  service-pieces  from  mains,  digging,  etc. 

Fitments  or  furnishings  generally,  such  as  cupboards, 
baths,  sink,  w.  c.'s,  ranges,  grates,  mantels,  etc.,  are 
numbered  and  priced  according  to  the  class  of  fitments, 
material  and  finishings  recpiired. 

A  series  of  average  items  and  approximate  prices 
adapted  to  this  method  of  estimating,  mav  be  found  in 
this  work  in  some  of  the  tables,  rules  and  memoranda 
that  follow. 

The  third  method  of  estimating  is  by  the  square  of 
lOO  feet,  which,  under  some  circumstances,  is  quite 
convenient  for  obtaining  approximate  cr-A,  Its  use  is 
[irincipally  confined  to  one-story  bifildings,  such  as 
sheds,  stores,  schools,  churches,  chapels,  stables,  rail- 
way stations,  bungalows  and  similar  buildings.    It  may, 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  3, 

t'h  "''■'^'',  ''"I'^-'ntly  occurs  a.  >h.  base-  „f  ,'    uidinf 

-ions.  «n., ,_,  a;,  i -1 -':-^-:t!; 

For  general  purposes,  however    it  is  m«r« 
-n.  .0  scpara.e  ,he  diff„c„,  floors  ^(TuMi^cro"; 

.™Lf„;r"^-  ^'-^ '"  "^-i^h'  -"  Price  eltrL"; 

When  this  course  is  adopted  for  two  or  more  stories 
Ou.  grouud  floor  is  taken  to  iuciude  foundations    flo"' 

*,s.    the    top  flo^or   incM^ 'l^  .^rt-rTn 

Sometimes    two-storv   huiM-'n-s    havf^    •    ,u    n 
pnced  an  the  sante  rate,  as  i,  is  f^L,  X.  ^"faverr 
"SI  of  the  ,rou„d  floor,  includin,,  the  foundatiols^l: 


32 


IlUlXiSON'S   KSTILATOR 


about  the  same  as  that  of  the  first  floor,  which  includes 
the  roof  cover! lit,'. 

It  is  also  useful  tf>  remember  that  the  floor  area  of  a 
certain  des-jriplion  of  buildinffs  affords  some  indication 
of  the  amount  of  accommodation  provided.  For  class 
rooms  in  scht)ois.  the  floor  area  accommodates  from 
seven  to  ten  scholars  per  sijuare,  being  an  allowance 
of  fourteen  to  ten  superficial  feet  per  child. 

Ordinary  churches  accommodate  from  nine  to  twelve 
persons  per  scjuare,  corresponding  to  a  total  floor  area 
of  eleven  to  eight  feet  superficial  per  sitting  respect- 
ively. In  mission  churches,  etc.,  the  floor  space  fre- 
quently averages  about  seven  feet  per  sitting,  or  at  the 
rate  of  fourteen  persons  per  stjuare.  These  figures 
include  the  floor  ar<a  which  is  necessarily  absorbed  by 
aisles,  pulpit,  choir,  vestry,  sanctuary,  etc. 

The  actual  amount  of  floor  space  recjuired  per  person 
for  seating  accommodation  in  churches  is  from  4^  feet 
to  5J  feet,  superficial. 

Pews,  or  sittings,  in  churches  are  usually  spaced 
from  ;U  to  :jt;  inches  apart  (measuring  from  back  to 
back  of  seats),  whilst  the  average  length  of  seat 
required  per  person  is  from  '^o  to  'i'i  inches. 

A  fourth  method  of  estimating  is  by  unit  of  accom- 
modation, and  in  practice  it  is  found  that  for  certain 
descriptions  of  buildings  or  works,  constructed  under 
normal  conditions,  the  cost  of  such  buildings  or  works 
varies  (within  certain  limits)  in  a  direct  ratio  to  some 
known  unit  of  accommodation  or  requirements. 

For  such  b.iildings  as  hospitals,  schools,  chi-rches, 
factories,  etc.,  the  cost  can  be  approximately  given,  if 
the  number  of  p  itients,  children,  etc.,  required  to  be 
acconiniod.iled  '.  known.  On  occasions  when  time 
will  not  admit  of  even  a  sketch  of  the  proposal  being 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  33 

made,  this  method  affords  oftentimes  the  only  reidv 
-ans  of  ,,,,,,,i„i„^,  ,,^.  ,  „^,.^,^^^^.  cost  ^Simt 
.    y.  for  certan,   minor  accessories  where  the  cost  of 

ticularly  ot  the  work  to   k;"^'""'^""^'""'  ''^"d  P^^' 
subject  is  som'.r.,   1  ffi     ,    7'^""'"^'   ^°'''  ^«  ^^at  the 

wit  .     The  sv^en;  sho   M    '  '?•  ^"'"^  '^^"^^  ^°  ^eal 
i'lc  s,yv  em   should  be  div  ded   int«  fi,- 

or  processes,   namelv.    "Taking  off -'    !?'t^   '^^P^''*^ 
and   "Hilling."  the  hst   nor  u      ■  ^^'^'^''^^"Sr 

In  this  method  -  tl    .  ^  '7""  ■'''^'"'"^'   '^^'   P"^^«- 

carried  „,„      T^l'^.h    f !  ■'  """=  ""-•  ''°"'  ''^  '»  ^e 
biie  it  l,as  the  acivim^„,.":Vr'"  ""'"  """^  ""'=''  '"''"^ 

--„r.i..r.::r;-tif.5:r;;^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 


34 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


fact,  It  IS  the  only  method  a  young  contractor  should 
use  when  commencing  business.  After  years  of  expe- 
rience and  observation  as  a  builder  and  contractor, 
cubing,  or  one  or  other  of  the  quick  methods,  maj^  be 
made  use  of  under  certain  conditions,  where  the  con- 
tractor knows  what  he  is  about.  My  advice,  however 
IS  to  stick  to  the  old  and  reliable  method  of  estimating 
by  Items.  It  takes  time,  but  the  time  and  labor  are 
well  invested. 

The  young  estimator  must  necessarily  have  a  fair 
knowledge  of  arithmetic,  particularly  that  branch  of  it 
termed  mensuration,  before  he  can  hope  to  become  an 
expert;  indeed,  it  will  be  impossible  for  him  to  become 
an  expert  unless  he  is  good  at  figures  and  has  some 
knowledge  of  geometry.  In  order  to  put  him  in  a 
position  to  be  able  to  wrestle  with  problems  that  are 
sure  to  crop  up  in  estimating,  I  de.-m  it  expedient  to 
arm  him  with  rules  and  methods  for  obtaining  areas, 
dimensions,  and  contents  of  all  sorts  of  figures  or  solids 
he  may  meet  with. 

It  is  but  just  to  s.iy  that  these  rules  and  methods  can 
be  found  in  many  works,  but  it  has  been  thought  expe- 
dient to  reproduce  them  here,  so  that  the  student  may 
have  them  at  hand  when  making  use  of  this  work  for 
study  or  for  practical  estimating.     The  rules  and  prob- 
lems are  selected  chiefly  from  educational  works,  and 
the  tables  have  been  prepared  by  competent  author- 
ities, and   have  been  examined  and  corrected,  where 
necessary,  and  made  suitable  to  the  work  in  hand 
.  It  IS  presumed,  at  the  outset,  that  the    reader  has 
some  knowledge  of  arithmetic  and  is  therefore  able  to 
follow   without   difficulty    the    problems    that    follow 
which,  after  all,  should  offer  no  serious  obstruction  to 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  their  qualities. 


■•'^sf: 


AND  CONTRACTOP'S  GUIDE 


35 


MENSURATION   OF  SUPERFICIES 

wetrt"f  the  ''^'  '''^"''  °'  mathematics  by  which 
we  ascertain  the  contents  or  superficial  areas  and  the 
extens.on,  solidities,  and  capacities  of  bodies 

The  area   or  superficial  contents  of  any  figu"re    is  the 
measure  of    ts  surfirf-   r,r  t^.  "s^'c,  is  me 

fu  u  .  ,  ^""^'^'^'  <^'r  the  space  conta  i  cd  within 
the^^bounds    of   that  surface,    without   any    r.^^TZ 

In  calculating  the  area,  or  the  contents  of  any  pl.ne 
figure,  some  particular  portion  of  surface  isfix  Vpon 

c^nipL^r'"''^ "'"'  -''''  ^"'-'  ^'^  «^"-  's  trb^ 

This  is  commonly  a  sr/uare,  the  side  of  which   is  the 
busmess.  '  PraUical  deUjis  of  his 


.^■^   Z^ii  -IS  T!f-  ■WI>U 


•%il^A^ 


'6 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 

DEFINITIONS 


ig 


st.?ce  [;;';7'"^,^^'^7''''«"^.  which  are  similar  in  sub- 
ance  to  those  found  .n  Kuclid.  are  here  inserted  for 

the  convenience  of  reference. 

I.   Fo»r.su/cd  figures  are  variously  named,  accordin 

t-  their  relat.ve  position  and  lonj,.th  of  their  sides. 
1.   A  h,u'  IS  length,  without  breadth  o.  thickness. 
/.  laralldhncs  are  always  at  the  same  perpendicular 

distant   and    they   never   meet,    though^.'er    so^t 

having  dl^f^^'  '!  ')"  '■"^•'■■"•^^'•-  «■-  op-ins  of  two  lines, 
hav  ing  different  directions,  and  meeting  in  a  point. 

equal  *^''''''"  ^''  '^^oPI>«^ite  sides  parallel  and 

A!"  "'T''^^':  ":  ''i^^''/>"''^^^^k^ra,,r,  has  its  opposite 
SKles  equal,  and  all  Us  angles  right  angles 

'>•  A   s^^mr,    is   a    figure   whose   sides   are    of   eaual 
length    and  all  its  angles  right  angles.  ^   ' 

angi^o;;:;;^:^' '''  '^  ^"'-''  ^'^-  ^^-'-  -^  <- 

its^iL'''""^T ^'"  "■'  ^^""■^'^'••'^'  rhomboid,  having  all 
Its  sides  equal,  but  its  angles  oblique 

twoc:^i:^;:r;::;;,:r^^''^^^^^'«--^-''"^-'v 

n.   When  figures  have  more  than  four  sides,  they  are 
classed  under  the  head  of  Po/_y^o»s 

as   their  sides  and   angles  are  equal  or  unequal    and 
they  are  named   from  their  number  of  sides  o         g"s 

equal/  "'    "  P^'-'^""  '''  '''  -'^^  ^■^-  -'^  -'gles 


-jWi'^«ig®3 


.4."'*^».i*"^ 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S   GUIDE 


37 


A    pontapon  has  five     sides 
A    ho.vagoii 


A    licptaKoii 

An  octagon 

A    nonagon 

A    decagon 

An  undccaKOM  "     dcvei 


SIX 

seven 
fiplit 
nine 
ton 


A    dodecagon  "     twelve 

e  thti         7    ""-I   I^^''^"-"''-^'-    cJcnominations   from 
^iic  relations  of  its  sides  and  angles 

equal^"  'V'«/^^/m.//.^.,./.  is  that  whose  three  sides  are 

2.  The  /^..:^/,/of  a  triangle  is  the  length  of  a  pernen 
d.cular  drawn  from  one  of  the  angles'to  the  o'ppo'sUe" 

J^/^J^^^^^s  ^^  i3   that  which   has   only   two 

nit  J^^n'^f'f  '  '^"'■"'■^'"'  ^^'"■^"  '^  ^he  perpendic^ 
ular  distance  between  two  of  its  parallel  sides. 

OF   FCUR-SIDED    FIGURES 

rhomboid  P^'-''"'^l''Kram,   square,   rhombus,  or 


-'r7th-r,i':,'?'=/r,.°'<Ar-r-- 

whose-  brcad.h,  .  .,  is  e  /ee.  «  iuche;"     "  """"'  """ 


38 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


By  Decimals. 

Feet. 

12.25 

8.50 

61250 
9,S()0 

10-1 .  1250  feet.    Ans. 


By  Duodecimals. 


Feet. 
12.3' 

S.6' 

6.   1    „'• 
98.  0' 


104.  1 '  6  '.    Ans. 


aZ  J  fundamental  problem,  i„  the  mensuration  of  super- 
hcK..  ,s  tne  verv.s.„,ple  ,„„,  of  detern.ininR  the  area  of  a  right 
parallelogram.  The  .ontents  of  other  figures  n.ay  readUy  be 
obtained  by  fJnUh.g  parallelogran..  which  are  equal  [o  tl.Tn. 

Take  any  parallelogram,  a  I,  c  d,  and  divide  each  of 
Its  sides,  respectively,  into  as  many  equal  parts  as  are 
expressed  by  the  number  of    times  they  contain   the 
linear  measunng  unit,  and  let  all  the  opposite  points  of 
division    be   connected    by   right  lines. 
Then  it  is  evident  that  these  lines  divide 
the    parallelogram    into    a    number    of 
squares,  each    equal    to    the    superficial 
measuring  unit,  and  that  the  number  of 
these  squares,  or  the  area  of  the  figure 
IS  equal  to  the  number  of  linear  measuring  units  in  the 
length,  repeated  as  often  as  there  are  linear  measuring 
units  in  the  bre.:dth  or  height;   that  is,  equal  to  the 
length  multiplied  by  the  height,  w/iic/i  is  the  rule 


d  , 


OF   TRIANGLES 

Problem  II.— To  find  the  area  of  a  triangle. 

Rule.-Un\u^\y  the  length  of  one  of  the  sides  by  the 
perpendicular  falling  upon  it,  and  half  the  product 
will  be  the  area  Or  multiply  half  the  side  by  the  per- 
pendicular. ' 


W-f 


k-h<m:i<'^^ 


mj«iL 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S   GUIDE 


39 


f--f -What  is  the  area  of  a  triangle  whose  base, 
inches?  '  '"^   '^"■^''^''  '  '^'    ^^   f'^-'t  1« 

18.4X11.10+2=108  feet  5§  inches. 

/^..^;;///.^.-How   many   square    rods   of    land    are 
InZ  '"  ^ '"^^'^'^'^  '-I'-d  out  in  a  right-angled  tri! 

.art;:d:h'rrr:;;s?"^'"^ '"  ^^'^-^-^  ^^;  p-^-^-- 

Ie.fr    fT       ."^   ''''■  "•■""  "^  ^  ^^'^"^^'^  f'-o'"  the 
length  of  Its  sides. 

R"ie.~\.  Add  together  the  lengths  of  the  three 
sides,  and  take  half  their  sum 

2.   From  this  half  su  n  subtract  each  side  separately. 

3  Multiply  together  the  half  sum  and  each  of  the 
three  remainders,  and  extract  the  square  root  of  the 
.;;.dj^^thequoti.ntwi,.betheVedarea'of 

8ot;r::h;t":h:^°^^'^^^^"^'^-^'-'--^ 


134  161 

108  134 

Jl"  27  Is*  rem. 

322-i- 2=161  half  sum. 


161 
108 

53  2d  rem. 


161 

_80 

8!   3d  rem. 


,  Jf"'/"    °'^*'»'''    t''«  products,    we   have    161X27X53X81- 
1-010,1:  .rom  wh.ch  we  find   area=^1866167l=43l9  ^uL"; 


rods 


Jti^ji; 


40 


HODGSOxWS   ESTIMATOR 


To  find  the  hypotenuse  of  a  riyht-angled  triangle, 
when  the  base  and  perpendicular  are  known. 

1.  Square  each  of  the  sides  separately. 

■2.  Add  together  these  squares. 

••5.  Extract  the  square  root  of  the  sum,  which  will  be 
the  hypotenuse. 

£xam/>/c'.~Th*,  wall  of  a  building.  <5  r,  on  the  bank 
of  a  river,  ad,  is  ]■>(.  feet  high,  and  the  breadth  of  the 
nver  210  feet:  what  is  the  length  „f  a  line,  a  r,  which 
wdl  reach  from  the  top  of, the  wall  to  the  opposite 
bank  of  the  river? 

I20'X210'=58500  and  v/58500=241.S6  ft    Ans. 

To  find  one  of  the  legs  when  the  hypotenuse  and  the 
other  leg  are  known. 

^«/^. -Subtract  the  square  of  the  leg  whose  length  is 
known,  from  the  square  of  the  hypotenuse,  and  the 
square  root  of  their  difference  will  be  the  answer 

Examp/e.-Th^  hypotenuse,  n  c,  of  a  triangle  is  r,:i 
yards,  and  the  perpendicular,  6  c,  45  yards:  what  is 
the  length  of  the  base,  a  bf 

5?-45'=7S4  and  v/784=28  yds.     Ans.  28  yds. 

OF   TR.APEZIUMS   AND   TRAPEZOIDS 

R-oblem  III.-To  find  the  area  of  a  trapezium 
^«/^.-Divide  the  trapezium  into  triangles  by  draw- 
ing diagonals;   and  the  sum  of  the  areas  of  these  tri- 
angles will  be  the  area  of  the  tra- 
pezium. 

Ajv7w/A>.— What  is  the  area  of 
a  trapezium  whose  diagonal,  ac, 
is  \-l  feet,  and  the  two  perpendic- 
ulars, d i  and  I) J\  IS  and  IG  feet? 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


41 


42X9=378/      -,,        .^    ^ 
42x8=336  )  — '1  *8q-  It-  Ans. 


Problem  IV.— To  find  the  area  of  a  trapezoid. 

^///^.-Multiply  the  sum  of  the  two  parallel  sides  by 
the  perpendicular  distance  between  them,  and  half  the 
product  nill  be  the  area. 

Krampic  /.—Required  the  area  of  the  trapezoid, 
^r  l>  c  d,  having   given  a  b  =  321.51 

feet,    d  r  =214.2-1   feet,    and    whose         r ^ 

height  is  171. IG  feet.  /  \ 

We  first  find  the  sum  of  Ihe  sides,    ""  ^* 

and  then  multiply  it  by  the  perpendicular  height;  after 
which,  we  divide  the  product  by  2  for  the  area. 

321,51+214.24=5.35.75=tl.e  sum  of  the  parallel  sides. 
Tlicii,  .W.'). 7.5X171.16=01698.97. 
And,  91698.97-5-2=4.5849.485.  Ans. 

OF   REGULAR    POLYGONS 

Problem  V.-To  find  the  area  of  a  regular  polygon 
or  ?ny  regular  figure.  ' 

Rule  /.—Multiply  one  of  its  sides  into  half  its  per- 
pendicular  distance  from  the  center,  and  this  product 
into  the  number  of  sides. 

It  is  evident,  on   inspection,  that  a  regular  polygon 
contains  as  many  equal  triangles  as  the  figure  has  sides. 
Thus,  the  adjoining  hexagon  has  six  triangles,  each 
equal  to  a  h  c.     Now,  the  area  oi  a  b  c  is  equal  to  the 
product  of  the  side  a  b  into  ^  of  ^  ^.     The  area  of  the 
whole,  therefore,  is  equal  to  this  prod- 
uct multiplied  into  the  number  of  sides. 
Example.—!.   Required  the  area  of  a 
regular  hexagon,  each  of  whose  sides, 
a  o,  etc.,  is  45  feet,  and  the  perpendicu- 
lar, c  d,  24  feet. 


W^j^ff^M  i  Mil  -^ : 


li 


42 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


-a        , 


W.  first  multiply  one  side  by  j  of  the  per  enclicu- 
lar,  c  d  and  that  product  by  the  number  of  sides-  this 
gives  the  area. 

48X12X6=3240  ft.  Ans. 
To  facilitate  the  measurement  of  polygons,  the  fol- 
ow.ng  table  is  constructed,  showing  the  multipliers  of 
the  ten  regular  polygons,  when  the  sides  of  each 
equal  to  1: 


are 


21  ^^l^l  |-'«-|«.:;[lM;J^i;,i;^. 


I  Triangle 
Square.  . , 
j Pentagon 
I  Hexagon. 
I  Heptagon  . 
Octagon 
Nonagon 
IJecagon 
Fndecagoi 
Doilcciigoi 


0.433012i2. 
1-  1.41 

1.720477  1.238 
2.598076  1.156 
3.633912  1.11 
4.828427 1 1.08 
6.18182411.06 
7.694208,1.05 


9.365640 
11.196152 


1.04 
1.037i 


1.732 
1.414 
l.r75 

.8677 
.7653 
.6840 
.6180 
.5634 
.5176 


.5773 
.7071 
.8506 

'l«tli  uf  8lde 

1.152 

1.3065 

1.4619 

1.6180 

1.7747 

1.9318 


Now,  smce  the  areas  of  similar  polygons  are  to  each 
other  as  the  squares  of  their  homologous  sides  if  the 
square  of  a  side  of  a  polygon  be  multiplied  by  the 
multiplier  of  the  like  fig,  ,e,  the  product  will  be  the 
area  sought.     And  hence  we  have, 

1= :  tabular  area  :  :  any  side  squared  :  area. 

To  find  the  area  of  a  regular  polygon,  when  the  side 
only  IS  given. 

>?«/r.-Multiply  the  square  of  the  side  by  the  multi- 
p..er  opposite  the  name  of  the  polygon  in  the  above 
table,  and  the  product  will  be  the  area 

Example. ~.\Sh^,  is  the  area  of  a  regular  decagon 
whose  side  is  87  feet?  "^^^gon 

87'X  7.694208=58237.46.  Ans. 


•^  -'^m:m!m:.fmsmM,ri&. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 

ADDITIONAL   USE   OF   THE   ABOVE    TABLE 


43 


The   third    and    fourth    columns   of    the    table   will 
greatly  facilitate  the  construction  of  tho^  fl^  '     J^   ' 

he  a.d  of  the  sector.     Thus,  if  it  is  required  to  c  e  cWbe 
an  octagon,  opposite  to  it.  in  the  third  column    L  t  • 

hen  wuh  the    chord  of  CO  on    the  sector  T'radius' 
descr.be  a  crcle.  takin,  the  length  45  on  the  same t ' 
of  the  sector;    mark  this  distance  off  on  the  circum 
ference,  wh.ch,  being  repeated  around  the  c  re  ^i  1 
give  the  points  of  the  side. 

The  fourth  column  gives  the  angle  which  anv  two 
ac,om.ng  ^s.des  of   the   respective  Igures  m^kTwt 

Take  the  length  of  a  perpendicular  drawn  from  the 

thtrthe'":  ^',  ^'^^''^.^^  ^  p°'^^-'  -^^  -^.-^y 

the  r.^         Tu^'"  '"  "°'"'""  A'    ^he  product  will  be 
the  rad.us  of  the  circle  that  contains  the  figure 

The  radius  of  a  circle,  multiplied  by  the  number  in 
column  B.  will  give  the  length  of  the  side  ofTheo^ 
responding  figure  which  that  circle  will  contain  The 
ength  of  the  side  of  a  polygon,  multiplied  by  "he  cor 
responding  number  in  the  column  C.  will  give  the 
radius  of  the  circumscribing  circle. 

OF   IRREGULAR   BODIES 

To  find  the  area  of  an  irregular  polygon. 
/C«/^.-Draw  diagonals    to   divide    the   figure    into 
rapeziums  and  triangles;    find  the  area  of  each     eo 
arately.  and  th.  sum  of  the  whole  will  give^'  2l 

^  What  is  the  area  of  the  adjoining  polygon,  a  l>  c  d e 


u*t*^ 


"^fii^^S- 


>.i-fe3c1- 


44 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


Lei  a  r=20  rods 
"     bp=  4    " 

"  a  r=2()    " 

"  hp=  0    .. 

"  ce=2!i    " 

"  rfn=  3    " 

"  /^=2,S    " 

"  <JP=  7    " 

"  fh=2H    " 

*'  ep=  X    " 

Are=25    "     each.        t)lS  S  sq.  rods.     An.s. 
Note      The  triangle,  hce,,.  .olved  l.y  Problc.n  11  Case  II 

"  —  E^<r^ple.~\.    The    breadths   of 

an  irregular,  figure,  «^^^,  at  five 
^    equidistant  places,  being  8  2    7  4 

30.  required  the  area'.'"  '''• '•'^' ^"^  '"^^ -^ole  le'ngth 


8.2 

2)16..S=suni  of  extremes. 

X.4=mean  of  extremes. 

7.4 

9.2 

35.2  sum. 


3.5.2=sum. 
39 

3168 
H).56 

4)1372:8 

343.2.  Ans. 


2.  The  I( 


breadths  at  sfx  e      M    ^  ^"^  ^^'''''  being  84.  and  the 
bread  hs  at  s.x  equ.d.stant  places.  17.4,  ^0.6.  14.2.  16.5 

^U.l.  24.1.  what  ,s  the  area?  1550.G4.  Xns 


AXD  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


45 


"f  tl,.n>.  f.,r  ,|„.  „„.an  I.ro.ulfi      ,  '  '""■,''"•»  ''V  »''«  "umber 


;;;;;;;;;;;;..H...,...,,,.uu..wil.eu:S: 


area  not  far  from 


OF  THK  cmci.i.:  and  its  parts 

DJiTIMTIONS 

c-.u.illvcli.'.ntf  ^^'^^'.  every  part  of  which   is 

-]Mall>  cl,s  ant  from  a  ccrta.n  point  within,  called    the 

ti-n.;^:t:'t:t;  '^\ '  ^  ^^^^'^^^ '--  p--^ 

ference  termniat.ng  at  the  circum- 

J.  A  „.,„  ,,>,A.  i,  „„,  |,,,|f  ^i  ^^^  circumference 
...  A  ,„„..r,„„  ,s  one  ..uarler  o(  the  circumfcre„:  • 
<..  An  ,„.,., ,,„y  ,,„,„„„  „,  „^.  circumference 

J\rc.Zr.t"' ,'"""' i'  "■■'^  =P'^«  "■«^i"«<i  between 
«  and  ,l.,e  fwo  rad„,  drawn  from  the  extremes  of 

.wo'p.^.:;::'trr:H'L'tr;^  ■^-  ,'°"'='-<' "'--- 

wini...   rnrm  :t3  bascs. 

ferencefo^r  "^^  '"'  '^'  'P'''''  ''^^^^^^  ^he  circum- 

lercnces  of  two  concentric  circles. 


46 


HODGSON'S   KSTIMATOR 


c..iar  .cs.  Which  i.^;^:: :;;:;;;;- ^--- two  cir- 
-o-i;l:;;'lt:':::^,r;  ?r '--hich  returns 

Problem  I_To  fi.d     ,  ""/"^•■•^^'  '■''"■^• 

n-Itiply  thc^lL  .    '      ";^^^^  the  product  by  7.     Or. 
by  li:{.  '"'  ''>^  •^•'^'  ''"J  'I'vide  the  product 

\oTE.__TI,..  lattcrnil,.  is.,  Ii„i 
fxpres.sed  in  small  unmWrs. '  '""""  '""^"'"^t^  t''""  a"y  other 

>^'>'^'«/A-.-l.  What  is  the  circum- 
f-rence  of  a  circle  whose  diameter. 
^  ^,  IS  40  feet?  ' 

40X3.1416=125.66.     Ans 

V  c.  -Ans.  231  6922 

^^"''^ -«-«  Table  of  Circumferences  of  Circles 

09.115+3.1416=22  yards 

The  same  result  mav  be  obtTin^^w  ^^ 
by   exchanging,   the   ^'4"        "    '  ""^'^ '^""^'^"'^"t'V: 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S   GUIDE  47 

'«..,  ,„  ,h.  (,.||„„,,„,,  „,,,„|,,,..       ""'*'/"'"•.  -  will  l,c. 
"     ■      l,S31=15.ni.W0. 

multiply    the    circumference    bvth      ^..•"'^^^-     0^ 

inchcJd  a^c':;.  tZ  "'"'"'"  •'■"'''"'  """-  -  '^ 
^^.__^  meter,  how  many  square  inches  doe,  it  con- 

•p-i'  11),  ,„„i ,  „f  „,i,  .,i,  ,;;'„';  ■«  ■"•■■"•>"  «-iii.o.3,,,.-„ 

=are;i.     rspp  T..1  !       f  ,    '"""'^'^  "Ho  tlic  nrpuniforenco  i«  o  TO-yj 

'  r!-.-.f  ui  Arcu.-,  of  Circles  )  

Pr.bU.Iv.-,.  Tom,d,he,e„Bthof.a„ar.ofa 


I**   ■»:ti«sw*'-.' 


48 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


circle,  when  either  the   number  of  degrees  which   it 
contains,  or  the  radius,  chord,  and  height  are  given 
^«A,_MultipIy  the  number  of  degrees  in  the  arc  by 
he  decimal  .01745,  and  that  product  by  the  radius  of 
the  circle.     Or,  from  8  times  the  chord  of  half  the  arc 
subtract  the  chord  of   the  whole  arc,    and  ^    of   the 
remainder  will  be  the  length  of  the  arc,  nearly      Or 
as  ,i  IS  to  the  number  of  degrees  in  the  arc,  so  is  .05-^36 
times  the  radius  to  its  length. 

Exa^»/,/e.-l.  What   is   the  length   of   an  arc  of  40 
degrees,  m  a  circle  whose  radius,  a  c,  is  12  feet? 

.0745X40X12=8.376=length  of  the  arc. 

2.  What  is  the  length  of  an  arc  whose  chord,  a  b,  is 
120,  and  whose  height,/^,  is  45? 

120+2=60=1  chord  of  the  arc. 
And  6O-=36O0 
"     45'-=2q25 

5625=aum  of  the  squares 
Then  %/5625=75=el.ord  of  §  the  arc. 
And  75X8-120+.3=160.     Ans. 

Note.— The  chord  of  half  the  arc  is  equal 
to  the  .square  root  of  the  sum  of  the  squares 
of  the  height  and  half  the  chord  of  the  whole  arc. 

II.  When  the  chord  of  the  arc  and  the  chord  of  half 
the  arc  are  given. 

AVc-.-From  the  square  of  the  chord  of  half  the  arc 
subtract  the  square  of  half  the  chord  of  the  entire  arc- 
tlie  remainder  will  be  the  square  of  the  versed  sine' 
1  hen  proceed  as  before. 

Note  -The  squ.ye  root  of  the  sum  of  the  squares  of  the  versed 

:i;:Lfh^!f;i:ir^^'"^''''^^"'"^'''^-^'--^'--^-^^e 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  49 

Jiu/e.-From  CO  times  the  diameter  subtract  27  fim.. 

TABLE    OP     THE     HKL.TIVE      PROPOHT.O.VS     OP     THE      crHCLE      ,T« 
KQUAL    AND    msCHIBED    SQUARES  '    "' 


1  •  Thp  diameter  of  a  cirrle     x    8862  ) 

2.    _^     circumference       "  x  .M^f  ^^sW^of 


2 
3. 

4. 
5. 
C. 
7. 
8. 
9. 


an  equal  square. 


X   .7071  I       ..      , 

X   .2251  \  -side of  an  inscribed  sq 


eircumference 
dianicter 

eirruriiference 

side  of  inscribed  square  Jl  ffjte"*™*^  "^  inscribed  sq. 
side  of  inscribed  sauarpvili^      •'^''""-  '""•funiscril,V  eir 
side  of  a  sqilare    ^         J^?te^;;"'"^-i••^u^Kscrib•gcir. 
side  of  a  square  X3  54^=PiV       °^  ?"  ^'l"'*'  ^'^^-le. 

X  J.a45-circum.  of  an  equal  sq 

the  circumference  by.2251=side  of 
the  mscribed  square. 

Examplc.~\.  The  circumfer- 
ence of  a  circle  is  OS  inches:  what 
IS  the  side  of  the  inscribed  square? 
6SX.2251=.15.30  inches.     Ans. 

2    The  diameter  of  a  tree  is  37A  -* -— ^^^^^-^^i  „ 

-  I.UII  ijc  oaw-ed  from  u? 
37.5X. 7071=26.51  inches      Ans. 


50 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


sg^elr^ntTZ         Tf''  r  *°  ^'"^^'"'^''^  the  circumscribed 
s  to  }      If  the  roador  w.ll  examine  the  al.ove  figure  he  will  see 
that  the  square.  .1  BCD,  which  is  circumscribed  about  he  crcTe 
i«  equal  to  the  square  of  the  diameter  of  the  circle  since  fh!  . 

Z::::':Vcb'tv "' r' ' ««nuar::SiThrji  ;x 

t..e  inscribed  square'is  divid!:irprcLlv  II  TeS  T,  T' 
squares  into  which  the  circumscribed  squarely  ct  ^S:^ 
That  ,s,  he  mscribed  square  contains  only  4  right^anded  tn' 
angles,  wh.le  thecircun.scribed  square  contaLs  8  Ins  q  enUv" 
^cX;  wIZt :?  Within  a  Circle  is  precisely  half  of  t^^ll^^^l^^ 

2  tTt  .  ".  ?'  ''"^''^  °^  ''^^  ^^^  '^y  P^^blem  vil. 
the  1  K^  J'  'u'  ''"^^'^  °^  '^'  '''  ^hus  found,  by  half 
the  length  of  the  radius,  and  the  product  will  be  the 
area. 

Or,  as  3.50  degrees  is  to  the  number  of  degrees  in 
the  arc  of  the  sector,  so  is  the  area  of  the  circif  to  th^ 
area  of  the  sector. 

of  Sti^^iJd  oir:::;';!  r^^^f  r^"'  ^i  '''''^-^ 
^t:rdr^;;:---'^^-=-rr^^^^^ 

r.tio'r?hf"'  '''V\'  ''"'  "'  ^hc  sector  has  the  same 
ratio  to  the  area  of  the  circle  which  the  number  of 
^e^ces  ,n  the  arc  has  to  the  number  of  degrees  in  the 
whole  circumference;  and  the  rule  for  findfng  thl  area 
-  —  -  of  the  sector,  is  the  same  as  that  for  find- 
ing the  area  of  the  whole  circle 

£xa»t/,/e.-\Vhat  is  the  area  of  a  sector 
of  a  circle,  a  c  f,,  in  which  the  radius,  a  c 
IS  25  and  the  arc  of  2G  degrees? 
By  problem  vii.     Rule  3. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  51 

As.  3  :  26  :  :  25X.05236  :  11.344;  and  11.344X121=141  8    Ans 
^.  Problem  VII.-T0  find  the  area  of  the  segment  of  a 

ch^7ha.f^t;:tf  ^^'  ''  '''  -'^^^  -^  ^'^  *  of  the 

hethroTthT':;tr'r.v,Vt^h^  -r '-'  - 

the  area  of  the  s!,..^^^^^!'''  ^^^^^^  ^'^  '^ 

versed  s,'  t'  '  Sef" 'bt)  '  Th""'/;  ^'^  ^°'"'""  °^ 
responding  area^in^L  ntt^o'ut  n"  o'te^tllJLT 
and  multiply  it  by  the  square  of  the  ^  *  ''^"''' 

diameter  for  the  answer 
Example.-l.    Required    the    area 

ot  a  circular  segment  whose  chord 

«  *,  =  24,  and  whose  radius,  «: «.  =  20 

feet? 

^-^=F?=v/ 400=144  =  16  =  cp 
-S-'';''^-='«-^«=4=height  of  segment. 
«P  +P^  =c  '^7^r44Tl6=12.64911=chord  a  A 
12.64.J  l^chord  of  \  the  segmc.t. 
4:^'7=ioft,,eehordofltheare. 

163.46192x4.10=65.384768=area  of  the  segment.     An. 
(See  Table  of  Area«  of  the  Segn.entH  of  Cireles.) 


OF   LUNES 

Problem  VIII._To  find  the  area  of  a  lune  or  crescent 

^«/^— Find   the   difference   of    th^   ,  "*''*=^"*- 

which  are  between   the  arcs  of  th.  ''^''"""*^ 

chord  for  the  area  "^'^^"*  ^"^  ''^s 


52 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


Example.— The  chord  of  two 
segments,  a  b,  is  72,  and  the 
height  of  the  greater  segment, 
/-!  d,  is  30,  and  of  the  lesser,  h 
^b^<  -(*:  what  is  the  area  of  the 
crescent? 

3oy36»=2196  and  v/2r90=46.8=chorcl  of  l.alf  the  arc 
And  46.SXi=62.4  :  Then.  62.4+72X3()X.^  -  fi  •>  T  ^ 
segment,  aW.  •*-^'-X JUXi,-]612.8=area  of 

Th"'"'.^"^^^''''  '^"'^  v/l696=41.2=ol,ord  of  i  arc. 

j::::::-'''^  --^^  ^««+^2x2oxA=9.2.4=aL  of .«. 

The  difference  of  these  areas  is  (>30.4=the  area  of 
the  lune  or  crescent. 

NoTE.-If  upon  tl.e  tl.rce  sides  of  a  right-angled  triangle  as 
duu..eters  semicircles  he  descrihed.  twolunes  wil  ,e  "onne^ 
^M.ose  un.ted  are.us  will  he  equal  to  the  area  o,  the  triangle  ' 

Problem  IX.-To  find  the  area  of  a  circular  zone. 

th  /T  '^'"'"^  °^  '^'  ^hole  circle,  subtract 

the  areas  of  the  two  segments  on  the  sides  of  the  zone 
If  from  the  whole  circle  there  be  taken  the  two  segi 
ments..,^r  and  ^/^,  there  will   remain  the  circular 
zone,  a  c  f  d. 

Example. -Y.  What  is  the  area 
of  the  zone,  acfd,  if  «  r  is  7.75. 
^//6.!t;j,  and  the  diameter  of  the 
circle  8? 

50.26=area  of  tiie  wiiole  circle. 
17.2.3=arca  of  the  .segment,  n  6 r. 
9.,S2=area  of  tiie  segment,  d^g. 
27.0.5 
And  50.2G-27.05=2;}.21=area  of  the  zone.  acfd. 

Problem  X.— To   find    ih.-   -nre-.    ->f    .    .:-^    ■     ^  a  a 

between  the  r-rcumferences  of  tw  """•  '  '-'"f 

iv-uiuiircnccs  ot  tw;j  concentric  circles. 


3fcif;-;'»'^« 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S   GUIDE  53 

^«/^.-l.  Square  the  diameter  of  each  circle    and 
subtract  the  square  of  the  less  from  that  of  the  g^ter 

mal  .7S54,  and  the  product  will  be  the  area 
Or,  multiply  the  product  of  the  sum  and  Mra^e  of 

the  two  diameters  by  .7854.  -^ 

Example.~\i  the  diameter  of 

theoutercircle,^^,  be221,  and 
the  mner  circle,  ^  r,  lOG.  what 
IS  the  area  of  the  ring? 

First,  22Px. 78.54=     38359.72 

And,    106  X. 7854=       8824.75 

Ans.  29534.97 

plied  by  .7854  ^""'''''  °^  ^'^^  *^°  diameters,  multi- 

OF   ELLIPSES 

Problem  XI.-To  find  the  area  of  an  ellipse. 
J?«/..-Mulfply  the  longer  axis  by  the  shorter   and 
he  product    multiplied  by  the  decimal  .78541;]]  be 
the  area  required.  '  ^ 

axi^""~i.i;::'ru.:';' """  ^^'■"^''^'' "«"-  ^-  ^^^^  •-«- 

t'K..o./„.«.;oT.;w      '^''"■^■"~  -'/-.-I  for  the  shorter. 

Example. -\.  What  is  the  area  of 
an  ellipse  whose  longer  axis,  a  b,  is 
70  feet,  and  whose  shorter,  dc  is  50 
feet? 

o6xrf<'=70x  50=3500. 

Then.  .X'Sf)Ov  7,s;54_o74c  q_^„ 
q     ,,M         .       ,  .    .i,ai '^S.y— urea. 

and  m       "         "■'"  °^  ""  "'"P^^  ^^°^^  ^^««  are  I« 

150.79.  Ans. 


54 


HODGSON  S   £-T'.MATOR 


^oblem  XII.-T0  find  the  circumference  of  an  ellipse 

Tlieii,      \/290X3  14150— '-.•1  jov 

S.      Vf H  fh'        '  PfP^"^''-''-^'-  to  cither  axis, 
mf    ha^^"    th;'""'^^T"'^P""^'"^-■-"'--g- 
axis  ;r  d    nfetcr      T^'        '''  ''"'  ^'^'  ^"^'"^  -^^'-' 

:Eret^^irSr-^-----area 

lolaJ!  ;;V,1       '■^^P^^^^-^'y--  -hat  is  the  area; 
Tl.on,  25:  35::  249.98  :349.97=area. 

;^///^.-MuItiply  the  base  by  the   hcirrh^    .n^   . 
th.rds  of  the  product  will  be  the  area 

E^a^e.-What  is  the  area  of  a  para- 
bo  a  whose  base.  .  6,  is  26  inches,  and 
height,^,-.  IS  inches? 

40SXi-3I2=arPH  m  s,,„are  inches. 
Then  312^144=2i  square  feet.     Ans. 

Problem   XV.-To  find  the  area  of       f^u.tun^   -f 
parabola,  cut  off  hv  •>  i,„  .   1  ,     •'^"^'^""'  "i  a 

.    lit  on  by  a  line  drawn  parallel  to  the  base. 


imimS^ 


^'a^m'-riysJgsk'jSo' 


AND   CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  55 

.nf '"''V;?^"'/'"'''-'  ^'''  ^''■'■f^'-*-"^-'  Of  the  cubes  of  the  two 
ends  of  the  frustum  by  twice  its  altitude,  and  divide 
*he  product  by  three  times  the  difference  of  heir 
squares.  mtir 

^^^^;./,      What  is  the  area  of  a  frustum  of  a  parab- 
ola whose  height.  .^.  is  li  feet,  and  , 
Its  upper  end,  a  e,  Vi  feet,  and  its  base,            /H\ 
^/ 20  feet?                                               '          /  \ 


-—  ll?=1728 

256=diff.  of  their  squares  6272 


3 

768 


^4=twice  the  height. 


25<)8S 
12544 

•0528-i- 768=196  ft 


Ans. 


OF     HYPERBOLAS 


'c- 


-To  five-sevenths  of  the  abscissa,  t'  c  add  the 

"d"^':;;:ct ':r'^"''  ""''p'^  '^^^  -■"  ^>'  ^^-^t  -st 

and  e.  tract  the  square  root  of  the  product      Then 
multiply  the  transverse  diameter,  r> ^,  by  the  abscissa' 
e^^..  and  extract  the  square  root  of  thf;  product      T^en 

mu    ioi::he''  '?  'T  ^'^  '  ^--  'he  second  rooi- 
multiply  the  sum  by  double  the  product  of  the  coniu 

vese"h:s      ir"''"'  ''"'^^  ''' '  ^  '--  ^he  tra    . 
^  erse,  this  will  g.ve  the  area,  nearly. 

^^«;«;./.._What  is  the  area  of  a  Hyperbola  df. 
whose  transverse  diameter  z.  ^  is  unl^J'^' 
^/"  no  ^.,A  u  ,  .  "-'^'  ^^'  's  SO,  and  conjusrate. 
a/,  50,  and  whose  abscissa,  v  e,  is  45? 

?  of45=32.14  and  v/32:iiq:8(J3<45=71.03 
■v^  80X45=60 

71  03X21=1491. a3 

60      X   4=^40^ 

1731:63 
173l.63x(50x45x2)  +  (80x75)=1298.72.An8. 


56 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR' 


TABLE  OF  THE  AREAS  <,FTn,.;sEGMI.-NT8( 
CIRCLE, 

WHOSE    DIAMETER    18    Umtv 


)F  A 


A.M.    H.I.,-(.SKD    T,.    I.K    ,„vil,Kl,    FN-TO 
1000   EQI'AL    PAHTS 


Sine    Segmeni     Sine 


.001     .()()()04 

.002  .(HX)11 
.003  .00021 
.(K)4  .00(«3 
.005  .00047, 
.006  .00061 
.007  .0(K)77| 
.008  .000951 
•009|.00113 
.00132 
.00153 
.00174 
.00196 
.00219 
.0024.1 1 
.0026.SJ 
.002941 
.00320 
.00347 
.00374 
.00403 
.00432 
.004611 
.00492 


.039 
.040 


!~!l'H^:::'te,:;f,fe. 


Ali-acif  I 
"Knii.til 


.01014; 

.01053 
.041    .01093ii 
•042  .011.33 
•04,3  .01173 
•044  .01214 


.045 
.046 
.047 
.04S 
.049 
.050 


.012.55 
.01297 
.01339 
.013.S1 
.01424 
,  .01468 
•051  .01511 
•052  .01556: 

053  .01600 

054  .016451 


.055 
.056 
.057 
.058 


.025|  .00523 
.00554 
.00586 
.00619 
.00652 
.00686 
--  .00720 
.032  .00755 
.0.33  .00791 
.034  .00827 
.035  .00863 
.036  .009(K) 
.0371  nno3.s 
.0381  .009761 


0169. 

.01730 

.01783 

,  .01829 

•059  .01876! 

060  .01923 

.061  .01971 


.062 
.063 
.064 
.065 
.066 


.02019 
.02068 
.02116 
.02165 
.02215 
.067  .02265 
•068  .02315 
■069  .02365 
.070j  .02416 
•0711  .02468 
•072  .02519 
■073  .02571  I 
•074  .02623 
075  .02676  I 
.0761  .02728 


.02782 
.028.35i 
.028891 
.029431 
.02997 
.03052! 
,  .03107!; 
•0H4   .03162! 
■0851  .03218! 
•086  .03274' 
•087j  .0.3330; 
.088  .0.33871 
.0891  .J3444i 
0901  .03,501 1' 

091  .0.3.5,58' 

092  .03616!  ■ 

093  .03674 

094  .03732    . 
i»5|  .03790I  . 
W6i  .038491 
J97j  .03908!  . 
>08  .03968'   . 
)99  .04027i 
100  .04087, 
•*L  .04147    .] 

02  .04208!  .] 

03  .04268  ] 

04  .04329;!.  1 
051  .04,390,''  .1 
06,  .044,52!'  1 
""  .04513!'  .1 
^S;  .04575  1  .1 
W;. 04638!.! 
10:  .047001  j  .1, 
H|  .04763  1  .1. 

2;  .01826'!  .IJ 
•'ij  .04SN<)ii  j; 
4  .04952  !  .1,' 


).5016 

,  .0,5080 

I  .05144 

.05209 

.05273 

.05338 

.0,5403 

.05468! 

.05534! 

.05600! 

.05666J 

.05732 

.05799! 

<{  .05865'.' 

»  .05932!! 

»  .05999  ; 

.06067  i 

I  .06134! 

.06202 

.06270, 

j  .06338  I 

!  .06407!! 

.06476!! 

.06.544  i 

.06614;! 

.066,831  , 

.06752;!  . 

.06822!i 

.06892  . 

.06962  ;  . 

.07032; 

.07103 

.07174' 

.07245! 

.07316; 

.074,58;i 
07,5.30il 


V'rs'dj  Arvn  of 
Sine    SoKinint 

•IW  .07602 
•L54  .07674 
•Lio  .07746 

1  fr*. 


.07819 
I  .07892 
'  .07964 
.08038 
.08111 
.08184 
.08258 
.08332 
.08405 
.08480 
.08554 
.08628 
.08703 
.08778 
.08853 
.08928 
,  .09(M)4 
i  173!  .09079 
j  .174{  .091.55 
i  175  .09231 
•176  .09307 
.1771  .09.383 

•  178  .09460 

•  179  .09,536 
•ISO,  .09613 
■I'^l,  •09690 
.182;  .09767 
.183;  .(;;)844 
•l>i4;  .09922 

1S5;  .09999 

10077 
.101.55 
■  10233 
.10311 
.10.300 


.186 


187 

.1S.V 

.189 

190 


'it^W 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S   GUIDE 


57 


V'rs'dl  .Arciiof  liV 
Hin»  ISr^iiiBiii     Sim. 


Si'irnivnt 


Blue    Si'ifnient     Biiio 


.191 


.1!»2 
.1!»3 
.l!t4 

.I'.tti 
.l!»7j 
.Ids' 


.2401 

.241! 

.242 

.243 

.244 

.245 

.24() 

.247 

.24,h! 

.249 

.2.J0 

.2.'J1 


.2(M) 

.207 

.20S 

.209 

.210 

.211 

.212 

.213 

.214 

.21.'; 

.21(1 

.217 

.21 S 

.219 

.220 

.2211 

.222 

.223 

.224 


.2.52 
.2.53 
.2.54 


.2.57 

.2.5,S 


.226 

.227 

.22.S 

.229 

.230 

.231 

.232 

.2.33 

.334 

.23.5 

.236 

.237 

.23K 

.2.39i 


.104(i,S 
.10.547 
.10626 
.1070.5 
.107S4 
.10X63 
.10943 
.11022 
.199;  .11102 
.2001  .11I,S2 
.201  .11262 
.202  .11,342 
.203  .11423 
.204  .11,503 
.20,5  .11.5,S4 

.1166,5  i  .2,5,5 
•  117461  .2.56 
.11,S27' 
.1190,S 
.119,S9 
.12071 
.12152 
.12234;! 
.12316  1 
.1239Sj 
.124.S1  j 
.125(i3:j 
.1264.-, 
.  1 272.S 
.12N11'; 
.12,S94 
.12977 
.1.3060 
.13143 
.13227 
.1.33101 
.1.3,394 
.I.547.s! 
.1.3.562i 
.13646J 
.137.301 
.1.381 51 
.138991) 
.1.3984 
.14068  I 
.141.53;^ 
.142.38 
.14323 
14409 


.14494 

.14579 

.14665 

.14751 

.148.37 

.14923 

.1.5009! 

.1.5095! 

.15181! 

.15268; 

.1.5,3.54; 

.1.54411 

.1.5528 

.1.5614 

.15701 

.1.5789 

.1.5876 

.1.59(J3 

.16051 

.2.59J  .161.38 

260  .16226 

.16314 

.16401 

.16489 

.16578 

.16666 

.16754 

.16843 

.16931 

.17020 

.17108 

.17197 

.17286: 

.17375! 

.17464! 

.17.5541 

.17643! 

.177.331 

.17822! 

.17912! 

.18001! 

.18091 

.18181 

.18271 

.18361 

.18452 

.18,542 

AHKi2 

.18723 


.289 
.290 
.291 
.2!)'> 

.29.3 
.294 
.295 
.296 
.297 
.298 


.18814 
.18904 
.18995 
.19086 
.19177 
.19268 
.19359 
.194.50 
.19.542 
.196.33! 
2<»9!  .19725 
.300  .10816 


.301 
.,302 
.303 
.304 
.305 
.306 
.,307 


.261 
.262 
.263 
.264 
i  .265 
'  .266 
.267 
.268 
.269 
.27(1 
.271 
.272 
.273 
.274 
.275 
.276 
.277 
.278 
.279 
.280 
.281 
.282 
.283 
.2,Si 
.285 
.286 
.287 
288 


,314 
.315 
.316 
.317 
.318 
.319 
.320 
.321 
.322 
.323 
.324 
.325 
.326 
.327! 
.328 
.329 
.3.30 
..331 
..332 
.3.33 
.334 
..335 


.19908 
.20000 
.20092 
.20184 
.20276 
.20368 
.20460 
■308|  .20552 
.309  .20645 
310  .20737 
.311  .20830 
.312  .20922 
.31.31  .21015 
.21108 
.21201 
.21294 
.213.';7 
.21480 
.21.573 
.21666 
.217,59 
.218.53 
.21946 
.22040 
.221.34 
.22227 
.22321 
.22415 
.22509 
.22603 
.22697 
.22791 ! 
.22885 
.22980 
.23074 
3,36j  .23168 
3.37|  .232631! 


..338 

.,339 

.340 

.341 

.342 

.343 

.344 

.345 

.346 

.347 

.348 

.349 

.350 

.351 

.351 

.2.53 

.354 

.3.55 

.356 

.357 

org 

359 

.360 

.361 

.362 

.363 

.364 

.365 

.366 

.367 

.368 

.369 

.370 

.371 

.37" 

.373 

.374 

.375 

.376 

.377 

.378 

.379 


Area  of  I  V'r.'d    Area  of 
Seifmeni     Nine    S««inent 


.2.33.58 

.23452 
.23547 
.23642 
.23736 
.23831 
.23926 
.240211 
.241161 
.24212! 
.24.307 
.24402 
.24498 
.24,593! 
.24688 
.24784 
.24880 
.24975 
.2.5071! 
.25167! 
.25263! 
.2.5359 
25455 
.2,5.551 
.25647! 
.25743I 
.25839! 
.2.5935i 
.26032, 
.2612811 
.26224 
.26321 
.26417 
.265141 
.26611! 
.26707! 
.26804 
.26901 ! 
.26998; 
.27095 
.271921 
.27289! 
.380!  .27386 
.3811  .274831 
.3821  .27.580 
.3831  .27677 
.384  .27774! 
..385  .27872! 
.3861  .279691 


.28066 
.28164 
.28261 
.28359 
.28456 
.28554 
.28652 
.28749 
.395  .28847 
3961  .28945 
.29043 
.29141 
.29239 
.29336 
.29434 
.295.33 
.29631 
.29729 
.29827 
.29925 
.30023 
.30122 
.30220 
.30318 
.30417 
.412  .30515 
.30614 
.30712 
.3081 1 
.30909 
.31008 
.31106 
.31205 
.31304 
.31402 
.31501 
.31600 
.31699 
.4251  .31798 
.426  .31897 
.427  .31995 


428 
.429 
.430 
.431 
.432 
.433 
.434 
.435 


.32094 
.32193 
.32292 
^32391 
.32490 
.32590 
.32689 
.32788 


.^mi- 


58 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


■■<<'|flIH-llt 

..'HITS 
..•1427s 
.14377 
.•14477 
.•14.57(i 
.■14(i7() 
3477.5 
.34,S7.5 
34975 
3.5074 
..3.5174 
.3.5274 


Area  (»f  IIvVh'iiI  *■■»»     *  [i...         ■  — 


.35473 
..'1.5.573 
.35<)73 
.35772 
.3.5S7:> 
.35!)7l: 

.36171 
.3()271 
30371 
.36471 
.36571 
36671 


.475 
.476 
.477 
.47S 
.479 


.3b/. 

.36S7() 
.36970 
.37070 
.37170 
■■im  .37270 
•^Sl  -37370 
••1H2  .37470 
•4S3  .37570 
••1.S4  .37670 
.4S5  .37770 
.4861  .37S70| 
.37970 


.48S 
.4S9 
.490 
.491 
.492 
.493 
.494 
.495 
.496 
.497 
.49S 
499 


.3S070 

..3S169 

.3S269 

.3S369 

.3.S469 

.3S569 

.3S669 

.3S769 

.3SS69 

.3S969 

.39069 

.39169 


•am]  .39269 


To  fi     .  .u       ^^^   °''  ^""^   ^»*^^E   TABLE 

diameter  0/"':  wtl'Z'd'.Z  :7"'^  ''^!^^'  ^Y  the 
column  of  versed  sin  js  ^  "''-'  '1"°*'*^"^   '"  the 

coi'umn  on\TrlX  hlT'^a^nd'"^  T^^l  '"  ^^^  "-* 
square  of  the  dian^eter  this  '?m  "'""T'>'  '*  ^^^  'he 
segment.  '    ""'  ""''  S'^e  the  0-  a  of  the 

circle  50  feei?  ^  ^''^'  ''"^  ^^e  diameter  of  the 

.^«/^.— MultipNr  the  chorW   »f  fi, 
versed  sine,  divide  the  product  bv/  ''^""'"y^y  the  . 
remainder  by  2  ^'^oauct  by  3,  and  multiply  the 

th?re'nVt!;*^o^te^ch^dT cit\-;  'd"'  '■''-  °^^-  ^-i- 
quotient  to  the  former  product  fh^  '">'/'  ■^"'^  ^^^  the 
of  the  segment,  verv  nearly       '  ""'  ^'"  ^"^'^  »he  area 

£-^v7w//r.— Rccjuircd   the  area  of  th 
circle,  the  chord  being  l/ind^h.  .         f^'&'"ent  of  a 

l.,^o    .,,  ^;   '       "  the  versed  sine  3. 

i.X  .=24 ;  24+^3=S;  a„d  8x  2=16, 

Hence  .a+.^-.C^SaT ...faS  .„e  .,„.„„„.„,  _,^. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


59 


TABLE  OF  THE  AREAS  OF  THE   ZOXES  OF  A    CIRCLE 


Vr,'u 
Him 


Area  uf 
SrKmcnt 


.00100 

.00200 
.(M)3(K)! 
.004(H)j 
.(«)5(K) 
.OOfiOOJ 
<I07()0 
.OOK(M) 
.OOjMK), 
.01(MH)j 
.OIKK) 
.01100 
.01290 
.01300 
.01400 
.01500 
.01609, 
0170!>l 
.01S99i 
•OlOOOl 
.020001 
.02199 
.022{»9 
.02390 
.02190 
I  .02-)0S 
,  .()209S 
I  .02708 
.02,SOS 
.()2«)0S 
.0300,S 
.03197 
.03297 
.03397 
.03407 
.0350« 
•0360G 
.03700 
.03S96 
.0399.') 
.04095 
041951 
04294 


.04394 
.04494 
.04503 
.04(i93 
.04702 
.04S92i 
.04901 
.05001 
.05100 
.05290 
.053X0 
.054X0 
.055,S,Sl 
.057  .050X7 
.(m   .057,S7 
.05X86 
.050X5 
.Of>OX4 
.061X4 
.002X3 
.063X2] 
064X1 
.0(i5X() 
.06679 
.06770 
.0687X 

.06077, 

•OTO'C'I  .114 

.07  c  /• 

.07274 

,  .0X372 

•075  .07471 

•076  .07570 


.077  .07669 
•07X  .0776,H 
•070  .07867 
■080  .07065 
.081  .08064 
.082  .08163 
.083  .0X261 
.084 1  .OX-ifin  i  - 

.0X5)  .0X45X11  .'lis 
^0X61  .08557i"  \») 


.08655 
.0X754 
.08X52 
.0X051 
.0<)040 
.09147 
.00246 
.09344 
.00442 
.09540| 
.00638 
.09736 
.09X35 
.09933 
.10030 
10128 
.1022r 
.10324 
.10422 
.10520 
.10617 
.10715 
.10X13 
.10910 
.11008 
11105 
11203 
.113')0 
.11397 
.11495 
.11.592 
.116X0 
.117X6; 
.11X831 
.110X0 
.12077 
1-'174 
12271 
12368 
124651 
12.562; 
126.58 


•12X521  .173 

.1204X  .174 

,  .13045  1  .175 

133  .13141  .176 

l-'^-l  .132.37  .177 


.127.55! 


13.334 
.134.30 
.13.526 
.13622 
.13718 
,  .13814 

141  .130101 

142  .14(K)6i 
143|. 141021 

.14198 
.14294 
.14389 
.14485 
.14581 
140  .14676 
1-^0  .14771 
l-^ll  .14867 
.J4962 
.15057 
.151.53 
.15248 
.15343 
.1.543X 
.1.55.33 
.15627 
.15722 
.15817 
.1.5911 
.16006 
,  .1610' 
■  16.5  .16195' 

•  166,  .16289i 

•  1671  .163X41 
.16,8  .1647X1 
169|  .1657211  .212! 
i7ii\  .1666611  .2131 
171;  .16760:  .214 
172  .168.54  1  .215 


.16948 
.17042 
17135 
.17229 
17323 
.17416 
.17510 
A7(H:3 
.17696 
.I77,S9 
.17X82 
.17975 
.18068 
.18161 
.182.54 
.18347 
.1,8439 
.1.8,532 
.1.8624 
.1.S717 
.18,809 
.18901 
.1.8993 
.10085 
.19177 
.10269 
.19361 
.194.53 
.19.544 
19^36 
.19727 
.10819 
I  .10910 
.2(K)01 
.20092 
.201X3 
.20274 
.2()3(>5 
.204.55 
.20.546 
.20637 
.20727 
.20817 


6o 


HODGSON'S   l.STlMATuR 


Hlu«»  |Hi'ifiiient| 


.2<M«)s| 

.■->(«»!)Si 

.JU)S\ 

.1.M17.K 

.->r_'(is 

!  .21447 

I  .21(Jl.'(!! 
!   2171/5 

:  ..'ISO,-, 

:    JIM!)  I 

.22072^ 

.2-;n;i|; 

2^i;w 
.224:^(1 
.22.'51- 

.22(;( 

.22(if)l 

.2l.'7S(i;     . 

.22,S(»S!    ■ 
.22<)5-) 
.2;.,i|;i 
.2.{1,}I 
.2.'J2I,s 
.2.'il()« 
.2.{:{93 
.2;{4SO 
.23.5fi,S 
.23«.'>.-) 
23711 


Blllf       ;.Sl'|r|||4t|t| 

2(i.'5!  .2.VJ01 
•  2««,     •,-,L«,s.'-) 
.207'  ..'5370  ^ 
•2(is    25454  ; 

■  2<1<»    .'553!li 
-T"   .2501':} 

■  271    .L>57()7 
.272,  .257!H 
.273!  .25S75J 
■27  r  .2.-.<)5f>l 
275    .?t,((42 

'"'■>  2tn.'(l 
■  277i  ..'(L'OO  i 
27s,  .J()2!(2i 
.27f»  ._'(i375'| 
.2N^i  .JtJ45,S; 
.2S1    .2(h54li|. 

.-'H2|  .2';<;2i| 
2s3l  .i;.:r()fil  ., 

2,S4  .2I.7HS  '  ■ 
.2S5  ,2ti.s7i 
.2S(ij  .j(i!)5;jjj  .. 
2S7i  .27n:{5'  ,; 
2SS|. 27171^  - 
2S9  .27in.S      , 


-■•W)! 


-'!»2     .>744L 

■  203     .'7523 

•-"M:    ;7im 

''•'>i  .27fiS5 

!'<i|  .277()<i 

-t)-!  .27.S4(i 

:;»H    •>7027 

.29!t     .'S(M)7 

.300   .'siivr 

.,..      I,   30]|  ..'M(,7 

■  242>U)l  30,3;  .2.s3'(, 
•^J'^"-  .304;  .2M()(; 
.305!  .2S4S 
■30fi  .2,v-)(, 
.307  .2H()4, 
■^Oh  .2,"S72 
3()<»     jNHOi 

310  .',s.S7 

311  .2Ma- 
3 1 'J     v^Hi 

•ii.-j   2f»i 


.2<)i!»:' 

.2!»27< 
.2!»317 
•  2!  (1 25 
.2r».")(t2 

■2'    ;(» 

.2'i(;.-)»i 
.2!»7.Ti 

,2«)S(«»i 


..it        s 

..•if--    1 

30  'to, 

!  .m.r.r,] 

'.3ii..lll 

.3()4;(;l 

.3{i.-.'.(i!| 

.3()(,i|  i 

■.•i0715' 

.3'»7S!>" 

.3(*.S64  : 

.30937 

.31011 

.3iOS5 

.3ll5.Sij 

.31231 


"•"<    -2793 

'it  .32.S02 
"■'  32't3l 
'•  32l»!»«t 
■"     .33(>f,7 

i^  ..■*.•<!.-;.•, 

i!»!  .3a  •>:,• 

■|||  .3a  r" 

1 1.3333,"  I 

2  .33404 

3  .33470  1 

1    ■335;{7' 

'  .33«>(i<)| 
■    33735  I . 
^    33,S01|j. 
>i  .33,S(i(J 
»l  .3.3931  , 
i  33990: 
'  .34000     . 
i.34U-,  '  ■- 

i  Miy* 

'      1253 

1317  .-J 

..■i43.s()  4 

■3 :  143  4 


***  >     lent 

■35,S«2 
35939 
i\  .359<>5 
■>:  .3f5051 

'>!  .3(il07 

n  .301'. ' 

<\  .3(i21 
>l  3027 
'    3a32t, 

•<>:iHO 
)        134 

.-1.S7 

.3(i.-,n 

.30.'!.  ! 
.3<if.  tii 


•249i  .23,S2,s'! 
23!n5l 

.24(101  i 
.2  loss! 


.244 

•257,  .2451s 
.2.').s;  .24604. 
■25»  .24690j 
.2'iOj  .24775 
•  201    .24S(,<1 
■2021  .249  4(i 
203!  .25()J1 
.25110 


-'i  .3130 
13j  .31377 
■344!  .31450^ 
;{ t^i  .31523  I 
••'<  10!  .3i.'-,05j 
.347  .310071 
.31, -.39; 
'.31 -I  ill 
.31  V   J 
■i  19.53 
.•■>2024,i 
3.'J3   .3209511 
.354     32100 
.355      •-:i7 
350    .i2307 
^■",    323771 
■i^^'  .32447: 
3.59    325!  ' 
',im     >:'5s 

■'''■  ■'•5.5 

•50.     .i.7->^i 


.3S9;  .31500 
.390^  .34509 


AND  CONTI?  \CTOiVS   GUIDE 


6i 


I.  innefi[||  Min,.        Kini-nt 


^|s;;r;A,j^;-'„i-- 


— —     — —     —  I  ■ ■-■■noin|j  nine 

•4<i '  .:is-.:,j :]?;;  S"      fn  '^l^  'f '  -^""^eJ!  .493 


.39120 
39208 


,  ,.,      I  •  •  •  ■      ■■■•III  I 

^■^^'AT:   ,(.y)w»|j.-  ,  ;{ 


(1 


USE   OK   THE   AHOVi 

'■'-'a  '      1  circular  /oi 


iLE 


)   I 


/ 
fll\  It. 
loti 


Hi  'ue  colui, 


->";-'  '=*  i^'s  than  a  semicircle. 
ic  ionpcst  chord,  and  seek  the 
of  versed  sines.     Take  out  the 


ti 


f  the  zone. 

■^oiic,  whose  long- 

.2SOH7. 
tlie  zone. 

i-micircle,  take 
-  r  of  the  circle, 


-herd;  the  product' will  be  the  an- 

^'■''■''"'/^'••-Rtquired  the  an 
est  chord  is  .■.(),  and  height  15 

1.5+50=.3O0;  a,„i  .300,  as  ,, 
".  M.-P,  .2,S0S7x.50^'=702.l9,  t), 
■ill-  3.—\\'iig„  the  zone  isgra'rr  t 
h«-'ight  on  ( Moh  side  of  th..  r  .     . 

'   find,  bv  Rule  1    fht.V  ^'  '  °*   ^'^^  *^'^*^''^. 

'-•ach  si.Ie  of  the  line  which   rnsse!  fh  f  '  '°"''  °" 

-er  of  the  circle  .0  and  . tl^pTctiJeir'    '"  "^*'"- 
87S:'"^-'""=    •^""-  -   P-   -^>.>e=.35,82;    and  .3.182X50^= 
n,,.,"^,;"'***'^''^"";    ■•'^f'O.    a--*  per   tal)Ip=  9*«)S7.    „    .    oe„„_     _. 
Hence,  879.56+702.19=1581.75. 


:mim. 


63 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


""^^"""■^^cssr.^^-— OK 


•  N4   1.0.')44 
•H5  1.0.5.'-)2 
•H«   1.055!»i 
H7   l.()5<i., 
•UN  1.0574 
•l-inl  I.05SL> 
1.059<» 
1.0.W7 
l.(»W)5 
I.0fil3i 
1.0621 
1 .0029 
1.0f).-}7 
1.0645  I 
1.065.-Jll 
1.0661 
l.r)669 
1.067.S 
1.0686 
1.0694 
1.0703 
10711 
1.07191 
107281 
1.0737 
1.0745 
10754 
1.0702 
1.0771 
1.07.S0 
1.0789 
1.0798 
1.0S()7 
I.O.SIO 
1.0,S25 
1 .0834 
1.0843 
1.085: 
1.0S6I,, 
1K3|  1.0X7011 
■  1X4|  1.08801 
.1.S5    1.088»i 
IW   1.0,S9,s!i 

187]  i.m>08l! 


■1^1.0917 
1X9   l.(M)27  , 
.HK)|  I(H>36l{ 
,  1.0946  i 
■192|  1.09561; 
.l!>3j  1.09f>.5!| 
■•9-1   1.0975!! 
IffS   l.(H)85i 
•196  1. 09951 
•197   1.100511 
•198   1.1015 
•HW   1.1025i 
•-'•)<)  1.1035 
■'"''  1.1045 
,  1.1055 

203  i.ioe."; 

•204  1.1075 
.205  J. 1085 
•206  1.1096 


.23'> 
.'23.S 


"i^;^  P.'^J  -^T;- 


1  1379 

1.1390 

.2.34    1.1402 

.2.3.5   1.1414 

„  -2.36   1.1425 

1-237   1.1436 

.23,S   1.1448 

•2.39   1.1 4«i() 

•240   1.147II 
1.241    I.HS3 
.2-12   1.1495 
.24.3   1.1507 
.244   1.1519 
.245  1.1531 
•246  1.1543 
.247  1.1555 
.2481  1.1 5«7 
..249  1.1579 
•2.50  1.1591 

•251  I.  urn 

•2.52  1.1616, 
•2.53  1.1628' 
.254  1.1640! 
•2^5.5  l.l6.r,3 
•2.5<)  1.16(),5 
•2.57  1.1677 
•2.-.S  l.ifijx) 

•2.'i!»i  1-1702 
•2W)  1. 1715 
•261  i  1.1 72K 
•2621  1.1740 

203  1.1753 

204  1.1766| 
20.";   1.1778' 

•266  1.1791 

207  1. 1804 1 1 

208  l.i.sio 


)•>' 


.269  1.1829 
•270  1.1843 
•271  1.1856 
-272  1.1869 
•2731  1.1882 
•274i  1.1897 
.275!  l,!9i).sil 


1.1921 

1  1934 

,  1.1948 

279;  1.1961 

280|  1  '     -4 

1   , 

-282|  1.2(K)i' 
•283|  1.2015 
1. 202s 
,  1.2042 
•286   1.2056 
287  1.2070 
•288   1.2083 
.289  1.2097 
.290  1.2120 
•291    1.2124 
2<)2  1.2138 
.293   1.2152 
.294   1.2166 
.295  1.2179 
.296  1.2193 
297  1.2206 
2!)8|  1.2220 
299!  1.2235 
.3001  1.2250 
""'    1.22(54 
.302  1.2278 
•303  1.2292 
•304  j  1.2306 
""■   1.2321 
•306  1.2335 
307  1.2349 
•308  1.2364 
.309  1.^378 
•310  1.2393 
.311    1.2407 
•312  1.2422 
31.31  1.2436 
•314|  1.2451 
•31. 5j  1.246.5 
•316  1.24SO 
•317  1.2495 
•318   1.2510 
3191  1.2.524 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


1.2539 
1.25.54 
1.25«9 
1.25X4, 
1.25()0| 
1.20141 
1.2629 
1.26441 
,  1.2a59 
1.2674 
1.26.S9 
1.2704 
1.272() 
'  1.2735 
1.2750 
,  1.2766 
1.2781 
'  1.27S6, 
'  1.2812 
■2X27 
1.2843 
1.2858 
1.2874 
1.28901 
'  1.2905 
1.2921 
'  1.2937] 
1.2{)52 
,  1.2968 
1  1.2984 
,  1.3000, 
I  1.3016, 
1 .3032 
1.3047 
1.3(»a3 
1  3079 
1 .3f)95 


•3571  1.3112; 
•3581  1.3128 
.359|  1.3144i 
•360  1.3160 
•361 !  1.31 76 
•3621  1.3192 
•3<«  1.3209 
■364   1.3225 

5  1.3241 

6  1.3258 

7  1.3274 
'<l  1.3291 
>  1.3307 
)  1.3323 
I'  1.3340] 
!  1.335« 
!|  1.3373 

1.3390 
1.34061] 
1.3423 
1.3440, 

'  i.34.-<;! 

1.347,j 

1.3490 

1.3.507 

1.3.524 

1.3.541 

1.3.5.58 

1.3574 

1.3.591 

1.3608 

1.3625 

1.3643 

1.36601 

1.3677 

1.3694 


I  1.3711 
1.3728 
,  1.3746] 
!j  1.37(53 
■j  1.3780 
I.3797I 
I  1..3815! 
1.3832, 
(  1..3S.50| 
1 .3867 
1 .3885 
1 .3902 
1.3920 
1.3937 
1.39.55 
1  .3972 
1.3990 
1.4(M)8 
1.4025 
\  1.4043 
!  1.4061 
1.4079 
1.4097 
1.4115 
1.4132 
,  1.4150, 
f  1.4168 
1.4186, 
1.4204 
1.4222 
,  1.4240 
'  1.42581 
1.4276, 
1.4295 
1.4313 
1 .4.331 1 


9|  1.4349 
01  1.4367 

1  1.4386 

2  1.4404 
ii  1.4422 
I  1.4441 
»{  1.44.59 
li  1.4477 
I  1.4496 

1.4514 

I  1.4.5.33 

I  1.4.551 

1.4570 

1.4.588 

1.4607 

1.4626 

1.4644 

1.4663 

1.4682 

1.4700 


.476 
.477 

.478 
.479 
.480 


•449  1.4719, 
""  1.47.38 
1.4757, 
1.4775 
1.4794 
1.4813 
1.4832 
1.4851 
1.4870, 
■458j  1.4889, 
1.4908 
1.4927 
1.4946 
1.4965] 
1.4984 
1.5003, 


•4().5  1.5022 
•466  1..5042 
467  1..5061 
•468  1.50X0 

469  I..50f)9 

470  1.5119 
•471  1.. 5 1.38 
•472  1.51.57 
•473  1.5176 
.474  1.5196 
•47.5|  1..5215 

1.5235 
1.52.54 
1..5274 
1.5293 
,  1  .5313 
•481    1..5332 
•482  1.5352 
•483   l.,5371 
1.5.391 
1.5411 
1..5430 
1.5450 
1.5470 
1.5489 
1.5.509 
,  1.5.529 

492  1.5549 

493  1.5.569 
•494  1.. 5.585 
•495  1 .5608 
•496  1.5628 
•497  1.5648 
•498  1..5668 
•49f*  l,.5ftS8 
•500  1.5708 


.484 
.485 
.486 
.487 
.488 
.489 
490 
491 


'i  *"tin  bi^th'ci^h.lf  ;„''?■ '"■%•""-.  -d  'he  quo- 
unity.    Seek  ,„  (he  t"  bfe  for  »  „'  °' *''.ch  the  base  is 
o  the  quotient,  and  laL  ,ht  T"'''^'  ™™Pondin<; 
from  the  n,.,,  ri;K,?   "'"'  '"<:  lilKth  of  that  hei4f 

H;.  thus  Vou 'Jtt't'h  ."base"of";h-     ""'"i"''  "«  "^- 
-"  b.  the  'ength'^fTh^a"  o'r'ctvTp/ii'.'i:  """""^ 


64 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


the  middle  arch  is  1.50  fee?   aTd"ft''''r'"    i^'  ^P^"  "^ 
required  the  length  of  the  curve  "^'''  ^^  ^""^^ 

H'Kht  I  Length 


■  HK)    1. 
.10l|  1. 

.1021]. 
.103   1. 


1.0410 
1.0420 
1.0436 
.0440, 
1.04.56i' 
1.04001! 
1.05101 
1.0567 
1. 06  IS 
1.0009 
1.0720 
1.0773 
1.0825 
1.0879 
1.0933 
1.0989 
1.1045 
1.1100 
,  1.1157 
•17.5!  11 213 
1.1270 
1.1327 
1.1384 
1.1442 
1.1501 
1.1560 
1.1620 
1.1080 
1.1741 
I.I8O2II 
1.1864 
1.1926 
l.l!>89'' 
1. 2051 
I.2U4 
1.2177 

2241; 


Lenirth 

or  Arc 

2.0971 
2.1060 
2.1148 
2.1237 
2.1326 
2.1416 
2.1505 
2.1.'>95 
2.10,S5 
.3.1775 
2.1806 
2.1956 
2.2047 
2.2139 
2.2230 
2.2322 
2.2414 
2.2.506 
2.2597 
2.2689 
2.2780 
2.2872 
2.2964 
2.3056 
2.3148 
2.3241 
2.3335 
2.3429 
2.3524 
2..3019 
•^37 14 
.3810 
2.3906 
2.4(M)2 
2.4098 
2.1104 
2.-1291 


i^«r  ?^ 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  65 

To  find  the  length  of  the  curve  of  a  right  semi-ellipse. 

Kule-lh^  rule    for  circular  arcs  in   the  Drer-rUn^ 

table  is  equally  applicable  here  Feeding 

vvhT^h  '""  ^T  ''•''"  "■'  "°^  ""^'■'•^'y  ^^nfined  to  works 

As  the  tables,  however,  do  not  afford  the  means  of 
finding  the  lengths  of  the  curves  of  ellinf--  ^r.T  L-  u 
are  less  than  half  of  the  entire  figuei^.f  n "'•''' 
treomefnVal  m«fK  a  ■      ■  "gure,  the  following 

of  an  elliptic  curve, 

which    is    less    than 

half  the  figure. 

Let  the  curve,  of 
which  the  length  is 
required  to  be  found, 
be  a  i  c. 

thfrun^in?  T^'  f^'.''''^^  ""^^''^^  -"t-of 
e  te    ";.;•  .^T  l""'  '•'^'^^  ''■-....  and  from  the 
center,  ^  with  the  distance.  ^  <J,  describe  an  arc    dA 

^hen'Tri^h^ljthra'r^l'.T^'"^  '  '  ^^^^""^  ^  ^'• 

^>'^^.'^^ZS!^^:::;^'JL!:^},  <^r-   -  tl.e  ooh.n,n  of 
•.'■.;  "niltipIvthenuX^^ri.vflnn        *''^;^o  » ^litest  hoiRhts  l.y 

tabular  area  of  the  lea^t  l.e^ht  '       "^   ^'^  "''^  «""'  '«  »''« 

Tims,  if  tlieJieiglit  is  118 
■120,  p.r  tal)le,=  1.0618 
••'•''    '■       "     =1.0567 

:^rh.^e.l  to  l.(»567SU7Mi;!"K//o?n;''^  =  •^^«' 


'UMweU. 


'^T^^iwifmmm 


.^ 


66 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


OF   SOI.IDS   BOUNDED    BY   PLANE   SURFACES 

The  rnensuration  of  solids  is  divided  into  two  parts 
I.  The  mensuration  of  the  surfaces  of  solids  ' 

n.    1  he  mensuration  of  their  solidities. 

The  measure  of  any  solid  body  is  the  whole  caoacitv 
or  contents  of  that  body,  when  considered  undTr  the 
tr.,  Ic  dimensions  of  length,  breadth,  and   thickness 

scJiditv  of  i  1  "^^-^^I'nngnnit;  and  the  contents  or 
solidity  of  any  fijjure  is  computed  by  the  number  of 
those  cubes  contained  in  that  figure. 

DEFINITIONS 

1.  A  «//5^  is  a  right  prism,  bounded  by  six  eaual 

2.  A  p^a!Uhpip,d  is  a  prism  bounded  by  six  auadri 
ind  plat"-  ""^  """"'"^  '-  "'  "-i'"  -";„", 

3.  A/ri:.;«  is  a  solid,  whose  ends  are  parallel    ^im,- 

thfsolidThr  "  '""'^"'  =  Py^^id  is  a  portion  of 
t^^'^uX:::^  ^""  ="^  •"-'  *-  "-"  en.  off 

rhLboidtfaiyrnraf;:]"'"' '"  "'-^'-^  -= 

and  .„o  iriangnlar  ends  ^'='  '  '"'='"«'"'"  ''"-■ 

a"=l,  but  „„.  s,™,iar,  and  »hose  sides  are  quadrilateral. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


67 


OF   CUBES   AND   PARALLELOPIPEDS 

?./"'"'m  7-^?  '^"^  ''''  '^^^^^'  ^"^f-'^e  Of  a  prism 

;2;;.".  - ,. ... ...,,.  ..'r..V':.r:,-.^ 

/;><7/«//^.__j^equired  the  lateral  «.,rfo.       r 

Then,  132X162=21384  square  incl.«,. 

21384+144=148.50  sq.ft.     Ans. 

Problem  H      To  find  the    solidity  of  a 
cube  or  right  prism. 

/?«A'.-Multiply  the  area  of  the  base  by      «—— 6 
the  perpendicular   heiirht     anH    th^  j, 

the  solid  contents.  '    P'"^"'^'   ^'"   be 

contents  i„  inches  ZtLS^H '"'''"'*  '  •^'  ''»'<•"'-""«  'ta 
ofouhic  inches  ...  '.J^^Z  orSfel      ^"""^  '^  ^"^  ""•"'^- 

£.tr^/«//.5.-l.  Required  the  number  of 

^/.  gallons  there  are  in  a  m..r«  which  is 

5  fee    !  '"^  ''  '''"''•  '"^  "''°^^  b^^«  '"3 
0  teet  4  inches  square? 

9  ft.  8in.=80in. 

T'.ei..  64^=4096,  and  4(r  XxL-.^ollm-    T.:     ■ 

AnH  -lOTrsn    .^o  "^^'^^ol'd'ty  m  inches. 
And  327680+282=1 162  gal 

>-  1*  mcncs  side  dimension,  and 


68 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


d 


wha.  will  be  its  weigh.,  reckoning  10.  ,bs.  .„  ,he  cubic 

12.22xlO!J=aJ0.5]l„.  A,,..  --""'""•*"»■ 
_     .,  "P    PYRAMIDS 

P.v^:"r  "'-^^  ^"^  ^'^^  '--'^'  -^^-^  of  a  regular 

lant  h.,ght.  and  half  .he  product  will  be 
he  surface.     If  the  whole  surface  be  re- 
quired, add  to  this  the  area  of  the  base 
^^«,«//.      What  is  the   lateral  surface 
of   a  regular   triangular  pyramid,  a  b  c 

steTof     .''"?'' ''''•'^''^^-*- -d  the 
sides  of  whose  base  are  each  8  feet? 

8x3=24=perimeter  of  the  base. 
20=slant  lieiglit. 
2)480 

240=lateral  surface. 

of.He,  rrg„^-^---.-.,s..ce 

Rulc-l,U\U^Xy  the  perimeters  of  the  two  ends  bv 

;wr^:.:-^t:'4:il-'"r;^.-vi-r 

A^^w;,A.__VVhat  IS  the  lateral  surface  of 

mid    ^Tr'L'^^"'"°^^^^-^'Py-- 
m.d   ^\  B  CD,  whose  slant  height,  a  A 

>s  U  feet,  and  the  sides  of  the  lower  base' 

f^f'/fe:rrct;^"^^^^^-'pp-^-: 

First,  J><  J=40=peri,neter  of  lower  base. 
^~  '  upper     " 

Then   64-j9'*;!t"1'.1'.?^  '''^  t*"  •'"tls. 

"'  «4-42+2=l344=aroa  of  lateral  surface. 


'^•S 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


69 


^/^/r.-tnul  the  area  of  the  base    •     I  multiolv  fh,. 
area  by  J  of  the  height.  multiply  that 

NoTE.-TIus   rule  follows    fro,,,  that   ,  ,       , 

1,0  sa,ne,a..an.I  altitude.    It  i.s„.a..ifcst.  tl.erl 

i2or  nl  '^"•'   "'  ''   ''•"'""••'•    "'-ther 

ae     o     °fj-'-'\-l"a'  to  the  product  of  the 
j.rea  of   „.e  l.ase  .„to    J  of  the  perpe.ulin.lar 

£xa»t/,/c.~.\Vhat  is  the  solidiiv  of  a 
square  pyramici,  a  fi  c  d,  the  sides  of 
whose  base  are  each  :}(.  feet,  and  its  per- 
pendicular height,  .'/  25  feet? 

First.  30x30=900=area  of  the  ba«e. 

7200 
300 

7500=solid;ty. 

a  py'^^d.^''-^^  '"'  ''^  -"-^'^^^^  ^'^e  frustu.  of 

add  t~^°  ''''  ^'■'^'  °^  '"^^  ^«'°  ^'"d^  of  the  frustum 
add  the  square  root  of  their  product;   and  this  sum." 

mult.phed    by   J    of    the     perpendicula; 
height,  will  g,ve  the  solid  contents. 

\oTE.-Thi.s  rule  holds  equally  true  to  a  pyra- 
nud  of  any  fonn.    For  the  solidities  of  pyraSs 
are^e<,ual  when  they  have  equal  heights  and  ba«^ 
whatever  he  the  figure  of  their  ba«es. 

£xamp/e.~\\hat  is  the  cubic  or  solid 
coritents  of  the  frustum  of  a  marble  pyra- 
mid    whose    lower   base,  a  d  c  d,    is  20 

.     ,  inches    scjuare,  and   upper  base     e  f   ^4. 

.none        ,  „,„,^  ^^.^^^^^^  ,^  ^  ^PP  ^     ase    .  y,, 

wha.  w,ll  be  ,>s  wdght,  reckoning  m  lbs.  ,„  ,he  cubic 


70 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


20'=400=art.a of  lower  l»we.  «  f.   4_,,^ 

And,. -■,<)«+ 2,S()x33i=r2i»2()0 
lo  find  tl,e  we.gl.t,  iG.Ox  l(i9=2,S5(i  ll,.s.  Ans. 

sJ:^yZ!!l^^i:r'''^  T'^'-^  -"  -iiydotc„ninc  the 


OF   WEDGES   AND    PRISMOIDS 

be   the   solid   contents.  *       ''^^  P''°'"^^ "'" 

Examp/e.-R^duhiid  the  solidity 
of  a  wedfje  whose  base,  ^  ^,  is 
27  feet.  ^  ^,  h  feet,  and  whose 
edfje,  c  fi,  is  ,}(]  feet,  and  the  per- 
pendiciilar  height  22  feet? 
Fir.st.  3fi=lenKtli  of  edge. 

54=twi,e  the  length  of  the  base. 
90x22x8+0=2660  cubic  ft 

^_^^^bl»VTn.-To  find. He  .„Mi.,  „,.,,,,„,„,„ 

Rule.—To  the  sum   of  the  areas  r.t   ru^  ♦ 
abc  def  nH,i   f^      .•  7  ^     "*^   ^^^'o  ends, 

^^^.^^/.  add  four  times  the  area  of  a  section  ^A 
parallel  to  and  equally  distant  from  the  parallel  ^ndt 
and  this  sum,  multiplied  bv  4  of  the  h!-"  h^  n  ' 
the  solidity.  *  ^"*^"^'  '^'^'^  K'^e 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


Examf>ie.~\\hat  is  the  solidity  of  a 
rectangular  prismoid,  a  b  c  d  ihc 
len!,'(h  and  breadth  of  one  end  beinfr 
H  by  12  inches  and  the  other  (>  by  4 
inches,  and  the  perpendicular  30  feet  G 
inches? 


;i 


First.  14X  12=ir,8=area  of  lower  t,a«o 
OX   -1=^4=  ••  upper    " 

192 

i--t-i-t-^_j<      /  of  middle  section 
80 
4 

320=areaof  4  timw  middle  section. 


And  31232+1728=18.074  cubic  ft.  Ans. 


192 
320 

312 
_61=J 

512 
3072 

31232 


li  eight 


OF   THE    CYLINDER,    CONE,    AND   SPHERE 
DEFINITIONS 

Circlet  iorT  H    '  '^'•^'  ''^^''"^  ^^"^'   ^"^  P^^^'lel 

c  rcles  for  ,  s  ends,  and  is  described  by  the  revolution 

of  a  rectangle  about  one  of  its  sides  ^^^o'^t'on 

2    A  coneh  a  solid  body,  of  a  true  taper  from  the 

c;::^err  Tbte^^*-^^ '"^  "''^^  ^^---- -^ '^^^^^ 

3.  A  frustum  of  a  cone  is  what  remains  after  a  oor- 
t.on  ,s  cut  off  by  a  plane,  parallel  to  the  base  ^ 

a  ntrnKT""^^'  '  't"'''  ^^'"^'■''•t^J  by  the  revolving  of 
a  parabola  or  hyperbola  around  its  axes 

J-J^'f^rdd  is  a  solid,  generated  by  the  revolution 
of  an  ellipse  about  either  of  its  axes 

face   allTr  ''  '.  ^"['■^•J-'"'-»-'d  by  a  curved  sur- 
dj^^  by  the  revolution  of  ^asi;S:SSe^: 


L   i,M^^ 


72 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


!  : 


7.        radius  of  a  snhjn-   ;«   •,   r         • 
f^.    Inc  (iiarncter  of  a  snh.-ri.  ;«  .1;         1 

from  .h,.  middle  „   Usi    sw  .J"  "■'"  "  """i  '"^'-■-- 
10    A    -n.,-  ■  "^  convex  surface 

base.  If  thcbasn.*^  n  "'"""■  "'"'-'''  '"""  '" 
.cr.  it  is  called  h  L^/r  ^' Th '■'"'  '/"";  '^-=  """ 
the  perpendicular  disl  I'c  .e,  Jc^^T  ,"' ■"''r'  '' 
which  form  its  bases  ^^   '""  f'""" 

cynnd:\trt;;,zJ:,  r ":; '°™"'  ^■^.  '-'■■■•^' = 

ends  meet  each  other  """•  """'  ""■■  '"" 

pia";^.i:^;:fti;;-sidr'''"°^^'--"'--"'va 

.hat'ca'XdriZirpsf'  '°"'=-'  ^'"^^'^'  ''- 

Betweerit:t:::Lrdr;i:2z^'™^'"-"-- 
or£nap-^:i;u--tt:?;;-«-ethc 

ft.bl.mI.-To  find  the  convex  surface  of  a  cvlirder 
.■.-.-Muu.plythe  circumference  of  the  base  by  the 


^^^ 


73 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GVll^l 

length  of  the  cylinder,  and  the  product  will 
K-  the  convex  surface  re.juired.  To  this  add 
h.-  areas  of  the  two  ends  when  the  enti.e  sur- 

tare  is  required. 
/^ran,^A:-Wh^t  is  the  conv.x  surface  of  a 

r.K'ht  cyhnder.  whose  length  is  •.>:}  feet,  and  the 

tliameter  of  its  base  ;{  feet? 

•"^X.J.UI.W^i).  12477 
TI..'.,,!».4LM77x2:}^216.7(M)7I=8urfa<-e 
Problem  II      T.,  fi,^  .^e  solidity  of  a  cylinder. 
A'/.A—Mult.ply  the  area  of  the  base  by  the  he.Vht 
and  the  product  will  give  the  solid  contents  ^    ' 

/:.,v,,«y»/,,._l.   What  is  the  solidity  of  a 
cy  i.uler,  the  diameter,  a  3,  of  whose  base 
's  10  feet,  and  its  height,  e/,  28  feet? 
First,  find  tlio  nroa  of  tJip  h^se  by  T6*=256 
Then,  250x.7S.54=..,„.u«24=ar;a  of  the  bano 
Then.  :.'.)1.0624x28=562«.7472=:«olid  contrt;. 
'i.  The  Winchester  bushel  is  a  hollow 
cylinder.   18i  mches   in  diameter  and  8 
'nches  deep:  what  is  its  capacity? 

First,  to  area  of  the  l..i«e=TO^x  .78,54=268.809.5 
n,on.  -■...S.8025x8=215O.42=,.apa..ity  i„  .ubi.  n.L. 

.  »n«i  aiMUuiK  In  the  number  of  .  ,,bic  inches  roi.tii.,    i   :. 

3.   How  many  gallons  of  r.\\  ,.,:ii  -  -,„    -t  ,. 

dricn,  f„n„  hold,  whose  .Ha.e^e;'  i    In  ^LL:'^ 
»hosf  he,ghl  is  4  feet  3  inches?  "cnes,  and 


74  HODGSON'S   KSTIMATOR 

lKallo..=22I.I,vi,.„l.„.in,.lH^. 

H  m|„irc.d  '  ""  '""''  "'"■■"  'h--'  <--".irc  surface 

•s  the  convex  surface?  ^'-■'-''•"  "^^^^ 

l^oblen  W.-To  find  .he-  solidity  of  a  con,. 

AW.  -Multiply  ,h,,  „,,,  „f    t  ba„    bv  i     ,  ,. 

1<'H....  and  .h.  circu„,(er..„.,>of '.ht.  bl  ' 

We  here  multii.iy  the  ar..;i   of  fk     . 
by  J  of  the  he.Vh      .nd    fh  i  ''*^ 

solidity.  ^  '*'"■  P''"^"'^^   '^  the 

Fir«t.9^^,Sl.a,unO}-.3=3»=J  height 
-Now,  Klx  iS-la— K-j  Ri-i      "     ''"^'K"'- 

Tlio...  fi.ir,174x,SJ=222.6»)9.  A.m. 


A 


cone 


^Pr.bf.„y._Tofi„d.be.urfaceofaf,u,.un,of 


^///f.— Add  totrether  fh,.      .-         r 
ends,  and  nn.Itipfv  ttsl  In  iTh    T""  °'  ^''^  ^^^° 
turn;    the  pnxh.ct' will  1  "  h    ^    *       '  ''""'  °^  ^''^  '^"^- 
add  the  areas  of    hT two  b'    '°r^  '"''^'^^'^  ^°  ^^'^^ 
is  required  ^''"'  ^'^""  ^^^  -"»'>-  -'rface 


AND  CONTRACTOk  .   GUIDE  75 

.\„TB.— Thif.  rulfi  m  proriH,.lv  tlie  ««!.,       .  .1  ..  r 

->*.  be-in,  7,;.  ,,:;'':""""■,?'  ""^  «"""■•'  ''^-' 
p~^.winN,*;Vstii.';';r"'"^-'''''' -■'•''= 

f-t.  and  thc.!..pth.r  .,./..,  feet?  ^ 

'  ~I±ll2=  upper    " 

Then,  63.61  viu  io_on-  " 

-l«u«'     ,  ^"""♦'^3=454.05  cubic  feet. 

454.6ox,72S^7,S.5a3.5  cubic  inches. 
785635-.282=:2785gal.  Ana. 


a» 


7^ 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


OF   SPHERES 

Probl..  Vn.-  To  fin,  ^  ,, ,  ^^^^^^  ^^ 

A;/A-.-MultipIy  the  diameter  of  the 

sphere  by  its  circumference,  and  the 
product  vv,ll  be  the  surface.  Or.  mul- 
tiply    he  square  of  the  diameter  bv 

j£>^,^/A-.-What  is  the  surface  of  a 
sphere  whose  diameter  is  7  feet? 

First.  7X3.1415»=2I.(,.„l;i=Hrn.,nfo,.„o.. 
Then.  21.00113X7=15.T.,37,„  s.,  ft.=.surLo 

Problem  VIII. — To    finH    »k 
«phc.ric.-,l  .one  o,  se.m!™.        '    '""''''''    ""'""^   "'    ^ 

iV///c.— Multiply  the  heirrht  ^f  n, 
by  the  whoi.  oLun  f eren  f  of    ,     '  T"  "\  '''*^"^^"^ 
■s  a  part,  and  .he  product  v       be    h'     ""  "'"'"'  '' 

Example. ~\i  the  axis  n         \        ^  '*''"'''^  ^'''^''''^^ 

whose  height.  ../,  Is  :.  inches:-^  "'"  '""*^'  ""  *  ''' 

Fir^t.  42x3.i41o9=,.„,046N=,,r...,nfere,K.e 

Example     VVhif    Ic  fK„       i-  i- 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  „ 

RhIc.—Io  three  times  the  sauare  nf  »»,  i- 

'>f   its  base,  acid   the  s,,uar     oT  ts  ;,ei' ht  "  "'th '' 
multiply  the  sum  by  the  heieht   an       h  J     ^^" 

•-^•■•5'i.  for  the  contems.  ^     '     ^   '^"  P'^^"*^^  ^^ 

/:.v,,wy./,._V\'hat  is  the  solidity  of 
thesej,munt,  ,,,/^(„f  the  sphere  ^^ 

^■).  whose   heijrht,  <^r.  is  S  feet,  and    " - 

th»-  diameter  of  wh„se  base,  a  d,  is  U  feet> 
-^  "'=49X3=147 

^'~  64 

211 X 8=  lassx. 5236=883.836.  Ans. 
NoTK  -The  solidity  of  a  .spherical  seirment  i, 

pr.Kl„c,  l,v  ,lK.  ,lecim.,l   sSr  '"""•  '""  "■= 

OF   SHHKKOIDS 

^^^^"^^71'  5'"  ^'^  ^^''"^''^y  «f  '^  spheroid, 
the  ^t:;;'  :'  "';:.?:;^'"^^1  ^^  ^'^^  -->' -n.  axis  by 

/:.../,;,//,,__ VVhat  is  thesolid- 
'ty  or  an  oblon^r  spheroid, 
whose  \<,n<rcr  axis,  a  fi,  is  ;{o, 
•T'd  the  shorter,  r  ,/,  ••(),  the 
f<;volvin^-axisbeint'r,// 

20' X3rW  12000 
Then,  12000 ^5;j3,3_y283.2.  Ans. 


'MSf^mm 


78 


HODGSONVS  E.STmAT,;R 


^'  ""nor  axis,  the 

conoid.  "  '■"<'   Ihe   solidily  of   , 

,    ^'^'- -Mul,i,,V  ,h  ''"""" 

"  *  °'  ■^«-"t>.  -d  ,:;:;r;  ,::-,•:  p-;;-, ,  ,,„';',;^^; 

'""inches?  '  ^  '^'  «^  'ts  base 

• — •■:LJ<'  - — , 

'<^' =10000 

f^-xamplc  ^\vu  ,         ^"^^"n tents  "  *  "^ 

/'-.I^  inches?"''*-  '^''•^"dhe.j.ht. 

;,;;,-;  ^••*»— *JS.3.82.  Ann. 

Problem  Xjv  —  t     r    . 

spindle.  •      ^"  ^"d    the  solidity  of  a   ,        . 

VIV//,-      ^f   ,  .  X  ot  a  parabolic 

f ''•      iVfliltij)|v  th..   c 

^  '^'  ^v  the  Icnjthorth   '"'•'■'-'  "^  '''^^  ""ddl.  dian,  . 


?*. 


;>  'jY-  .'  - 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  79 

by  .41888  (which   is    «   of    ~!i»;i\         i   ■ 

solidity.  '*        -^   ^^'  -'"^  "  ^'"  Siv^  the 

/:4:tf/«/>A>.— Rcquirid  th'>  solidity 
of  the  parabolic  spindle,  / ,»,  c  d 
whose   length,    /  /«,    is  io„,    and  ' 
diameter,  c  d,  4(i. 


And 


4<»'=-iooo. 


l«0()x  100x.41,S,sS=-r,7020.S.  Ans 


Problem  XV.-T<,  find  .he  soii.li.v  of  ,he  „uddle  frus- 
tum ..f  apar.ibolic  spindK-.  ^'i*- rrus 

AV..-Add  to^re,h,.r  s  tinus  (he  squar,.  nf  the  rjrent- 

diameter,/..   ,,nd   4   times   th.    pn^luct   ..f   these   two 
|i.ameters,    "udtiply  th.  sum   hy   .he   l..„gth.  .  ^    ^J 

'•^^ 'r'"^;  •;>' -''^-'M-hich  is  ,.,  of  :;  ,,no;  thi^U 
give  the  solidity.  ^ 

ExampU.~\\)^;yi  is  the  solidity 

^nf  the  frustum  of  a  parabolic  spin- 

die,  whose  dimensions  are  as  fol- 

''^"'"^  '^ ^.  "•'.'- 'A  i< ',/..,  30  inches? 

4<»'=  IWK) 

H 

__  I  2H(M) 

.•{(rrr-c)0()x-3=270() 

3()X4()X4=  4s(M) 

2(««H)xO()x.0.5L™-.ft3774.4H,  Ana. 

o.    Hv..rR„ou„r>s  am,  hvpkrbcmc  con.,...s 
Problem  XVI.-To  find  the  solidity  .,f  a  hyperboloi<l. 
AW,.-  To  the  square  of  the  ra.lius  of  ,he   ba..   .,  . 
a<ld(hes,uareofth.   middle  .ham.t.r..,.,    nndhplv 
^.s  s..m   by  ,h.    height,  sf,  and  .he  product  by  .5 
and  It  wil!  give  the  soliditv.  />'>'. 


8o 


HODGSOX's   ESTIMATOR 


At/7w//,-._VVhati.sthes,>li<l- 
'ty  of  a  hyporhuloid,  o  b  f, 
whcsc  base.  ^<5,  is  40  inclus' 
and  hciyht,  ./  ;i.;  inches;  and 
whose  middle  diameter,  m  r 
IS  ;)<>  inches  :- 

2r)-=400 

'■""'   ■' ■™x--<"x.ra,i.,T..s=„.,r,. e  ,,,.,. 

^''^'•— Acid  together  the  s.juares  of     h,.  r.re.te -^        i 
least  semdi.imeters     /  <•   .„  t    y  ,     ''^    ^^'^^.ate^t  and 

2n'=r4f)0 
10'=10() 

'*i"      Tl„.„,  .«>X..oxX,i-,6.,r.N=,.-,2„,„„„  ,,,„ 

A';,/,-. -To  ih,:  ihicknoss  of  il,c  ri„„    „  ,,     , 

'".K.  ciian..,,.r,H.:„  „„,,,,•,,,,  «-,7';:'.''' 

"^■«,  a,„I  ,h,.  ,„.„,,„,,   I,,  ,   „,,„^       '!         >    'I"--  ll-k. 


AND  CONTRACTORS   GUIDE 


8l 


£^^;«;./..__The  thickness.^. 

cyl.ncincal  n„,.  is  4  inches,    and    he 
'""er  d.  .meter.    .  j,    ;,    ,'     ,•„;  J^ 

re<,mred  the  convex  surface.  ' 

—  <oii\f-x  surface. 

i'"-'li^,I".,er '■;!;■''""'  "'  '!''  ""«•  '-.  -1.1  the 
-I--    ..'  .he    hkkn,.,     ':„r '""^  r-  -™  by  the 

thesoiKlity  ''•'"*"■'.  '"iii   It  will   j,ive 

"-■lal  ■!  inch,.,  ""-■''"•    •""'   thickness    fn 

First,  3-)-s=ii 

-'-^•^"'"I'ty  in  inches. 
l-AUGINf;  ,j,.-   CASKS 

'.■vr::^.:;'^:^^^,-'''^^''""  not  .,.,,„, 

C.isks    .,•  ■    ^^""f'^^--  manner. 

forms:  ■''■"«  »"h  "-^  "f  the  following, 

1.  ! 

2.  j-    riic  middle  frustum   i  "^  •'»  spheroid. 

i  of  a  CO,,,., 


ind  th 


'^ir  contents  m  cuhj,    inch.-,  m       k     r 

•ne/ics  may  be  found  by  the 


B2 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


rules  in  mensuration,  for  determining'  the  solidity  of 
tnese  njjures.  ^ 

To  find  the  contents  of  a  cask  by  four  dimensions. 

A/.A-.-Add  tofrether  the  squares  of  the  bung  and 
head  d.ameter.  and  the  square  of  double  the  diameter, 
taken    ,„    the   middle    between    the    bung   and    heVd 
mult-plythe  sum  by  the  length  of  the  cask    .nd     he' 
product  by  .  13()!». 

To  find  the  contents  of  a  cask  in  the  form  of  the  mid- 
dle trustum  of  a  spheroid. 

.nf  f  ~^'u'  '"*-'""'"  '•'"  ''^"•'^'■^*  "^  ^^^  head  diameter 

and  twice  the  square  of  the  bung  diameter;  multiply 

he  sum  by  J  of  the  length,  and  the  product  bv  .im55 

•"•■'^  for  old   Kngl.sh  gallons.     If  Z;and./=the    wo 

:).,:\'^^''y''-'^^^-     And  by  substituting  .00355 
tor  ..,s,.4.  we  have  the  capacity  in  wine  gallons 
/:.t.,«/A-._VVhat  is  the  capacity  of  a  cask' of    the 

eter  18  mches.  and  its  bung  diameter  24? 

1?=  324 

2x2l'=ll52 

147(i 
J  of  .30=      10 

14760x.(M)3.W=52..39  wine  gallons.   Ans. 

To  find  the  contents  of  a  cask  in  the  form  of  two 
equal  frustums  of  a  cone. 

A'/.A^Add  together  the  square  of  the  head  diam- 
eter the  s.,uare  of  the  bung  diameter,  and  the  /.r.v/«./ 
of  the  two  diameters;  multiply  the  sum  by  i  of  the 
length  and  the  product  by  .00:;.'i.5  for  New  York  wine 
gal  ons,  or  .0034  for  old    Kngiish  gallons  of  231  cubic 


AND  CONTKACTOR'S  GUIUE  83 

«"  „  Inch.,  a„;i;;;;::na:r,t,'::L5-'' "'- 

,,     .  24^=570 

Product  of  2  diam.      =4:{2 

l.ttiJx  10=  I332()x  .<M);{55=:40  2Sfi 

<ia.i.>„s.  and  so  ,  n,    „       h^'^.h   1  '    '""""■"■  ""■"  '"""■ 
and  I  would  like  ,1,1  I    r         '''-''''''■'''*'''''''•■■''• 

doub.  as  ,„  .h.  clrtc.^:;:  IT'  """i"  ""."  ''  "">■ 

or  ".an/,.,..  ,a::  i;    ■:,:;2- -;•'•  .^y- ••'. 

i"  o,d„.„  fi„d  <:„. ;,:.;; Vh  r:  :;,::"■  :«^"" 

Ih.-  1  rice-  ,  f    r      •  ''■'  ''■'""'•'  »    k"""l..l»:.'  of 

bea Is,   c,„;er  ;„,"';:Ts  """■"'"   -I'-".   ^''-M 

of  labor  as  „„t  (ij  4    "    .  ""i  ""''"«'■  '"•'•■-  P"  hoar 
ow  (l»»4)  gaihiTcd  from  a  iiui„l,„of  labor 


84  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

circles  throughout  the  whole  country.     These  prices 
however,    are  only  given   merelv  ns-gui<les    for     h^v 
w.ll    vary   w.th    time   and    with' iocaittv;    but     n       ^ 

c   nhclcncc.     I  g.ve  the  price  per  hour  of  labor,  as  law 
;;- ;;;«ton,  has  not  yet  n.ule  the  length  of  a  legi.  da/: 

AVERAr.i:    RATKS   OF    WAOKS    PKR    HOUK 
(Jpiipral  I.ahonT.  .  .  f ,        ,  r 

Stone  JWn..     """  '-"^  '"  -'"  '•>  "ts 

Kx.ava.or..     --om  .|o  ,„  5,)  ,...„ts 

Hri,klav,.r.   I"""  ''^  '"  '--'  ««'"t« 

Carpenter    [""''  ^'"^   to  45  eent« 

Pl,i..terer         ,"  •^''^  «»•'"•"  <<-"t8 

Slater  '"  '^^  •"  •*"  ••»^^"t» 

Painter. from  40  to  45  cents 

PluM.I.er.  ;■■""'  -'-'  'o  35  eents 

Hoofer       [■■"'"  •*•■■'  '"-W  cents 

.V,.         ,       , from  35  to  45  cents 

ther  trades  run   in  about  the  sa.ne  proportion    so 
hat.    know.ng    the    number    of    hours    the 'work    .'v  II 
r..,u,re  for  completion,  a  fair  estimate  of  the  whole 
cost  of  the  work  may  be  arrived  at 

A  f.-w  of  the  things  necessary  to  know  ,n  conn.-ction 
w.th  est.mat.ngon  excavation  are  the  opacities  or  the 

All  oniinar- 


"«l"-l.  or  1 '21  enl.ie  vard. 
7  '""-row  loads  make  a  roo.I  wagon  load 
A  ..one  wHKon  will  earrv  fron,  2}  to  «  ,ons. 
A  doul.k  load  of  earth  e.,u,U.s  about  50  cubic  feet 


ri^r^j3«&---- 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S   GUIDE 

A  sincl.  loa,I  oq„aI.  .^,,,0  27  or  2K  ..„hi,  foot 

-"t:L:::;r':-i:;;:'i;--'-^-e.,,He..w. 

<<   |.amroo(.,..,il..s...k..,,i,,^,,,„^j 
.  KM)  f..,.    ,ir,,s.s.Hl  lun.lM.,  nK.ko  a  sixRl..  load 

:;''''< ;.v;.rd  of  „,,H  n.onar  n..k^.  .sii  ,o,d 
K'  Lusla-ls  of  li„u,  ,„ak..  „  ,i,„,,,  j„„j    '^'*-  '«"'*• 

Karth  in  excavations  weighs  about  as  follows- 

ou, ..■  yard  „f.. lay  oar,l,2.7(K),K,u;Ki; 
I  <-ul.u-  yar.l  ,lry  .an.l  ..art).,  JJ.H)  po.Mul. 
-.  ..c  yard  wo,  sand  oarth.  .MKK)  ,.'u 
cu  ,K.  yard  of  sar.dy  loa.n  .  arth.  I'.UX    pound. 
'•U,K-yardof,„ud,.ar,l,...o(K,,;.„;,|,    '"''"•*^- 
<•"'"•  r-.l  of  ,^rav,.l  ..ar.l,,  ;,.,mk)  .K^Mnds 

~;!^ix^L;;:;;r^^^^^^ -^^ -.,..,  «.„d. , 

Increase  in  the  bulk  nf  #^.  .r»i,      r 

i:artl,  and  day "^roKK  o,o„,.v„ 

Sand  and  Kravcl . 

Broken  stones 

Free  .stono 

UtK'k  ifeiieriilly j 

STONK-woKK    DRAIN    Til  ES 

24  niece:.    >  '  '"'''"•  *^'«''  »  ^n. 

Pa^e«  .  feet  long.  12-,nel.  pip,,  weigh  1  ton. 


85 


WltKN    DUO 

1; 

1 
1 
1 
1 


^  n()D(iso>,s  KSTIMATOR 

COST   OK    ,.,.„.„   ,..    ..„„,n,,M.M,    .U.r.MOKK.  CHICAGO 
ANn   OTHKK    ..K...:    .  KN.KK         ^r    r„K    T.MB  • 

Oi--    COM1.M.ATION   OF    THIS  WOKK 

a  u 

r     s     3 

c  C  >• 

I>K^'   '  IPT|„N  '-  ^  3 

^''''•..Ih7' ,"."•;    '."J  irP'T'-  for  ..on-       I  I  ^-J 

I'.K«inK  and, l.r„„in«  ..,„„;,...,.  rnor..       '^  '"  '" 

Spn-«.liM«  an.l  l,.v,.nnK  in    lav.Ts   not  "^         ^ 

J;a...ro„lv.f„r.,it,„.,K.r.:....i,.vard    ■      J"         w  IJ 

i  :;;"pi,.r' I  •  """i«  '•"'^'■■-'»-- 

nda.  t.uk.  p.r,.ul,ic-.vard      .'     .  ,,  „„ 

•^of  lal,or  only,  in  «|,ovp  ••»-'. 00 

Clay   t..m,K.re<l   and   puddle<l   «  „r '7        '  ••  ^" 

mdM-sd...,,w,.|l,,nnp..dip.  ,,!,[,,. 
P*  I   ^ar,l  su[)er. 

Soddir.K  same  and  ;.,.M..s|,in«;:o,i.nd        '  '^         " 

leveling  same.  p,.r.s„,„.r*;„, J   '"^  ^ 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 

CARTING  AWAY  SUrnRFIUOUS  MATERIAL 
Whet.|i„K  or  cirtiMK  ntuff  fro.,,  exravntio,,  i„  addi- 
tion to  tht.  fon-Koi„K  it..r„H.  „«,  ,.x<«Hli„g 
two,.ty  vardH  .Iwt.u.,-..,  i,„.|udi„K  filli„K  of 
whMl,nrrow«.  rartH.  ...<•..  ,.,„1  d.-,KMitii,g 
Holid  <o,.t..,.tH  o.,  tin-  Krou„.I.  ,mt  n.l.i,-  yard ..$0  12 
Add  for  wl,,H-l.,.K  or  n-„.ovmK  .-v.tv  ad.lilional 
M  y«rd«.  „p  1(H)  y«rd«  fro,,,  starti,.^  i«i,.t 

per  cul)  if  yard q^ 

ba«k,.ti,.g  oartl.  or  r„l.l,i«|,  of  a,.v  kind  fr«,„  t|,„ 
■'•«Kle  to  tl.i>  outMido  of  a  l.uildinu.  a„v  floor 
^       |Mr  cubic  vani    .    .  in 

Tien.ovinK  to  «  di.sta,.cc.   ..ot   cxcoHinK    1    ,„i|e 
"Hliidii.g    loa<li,iK    <art.M,    wa»to„H    etc  ' 

d.-|)o.i(i,.K  Ha„.c  fro,,,  vehicle,  ,ht  cul.i,.  n  •  OO 

Add  for  c-vcry  a,l,li(io„al  ...il...  jht  cul.ic  yard  «() 

(  .irt.„K  away  r„l,l,i.|,  a,„|  ,„d„a.li„K.  diHtance  „„t 

to  .-.x.(.,-d  1  ,„llc,  p,.r  cul)ic  vard  |   .50 

Add  for  every  «,iditio„al  ,„ile,  ,kt  c.l.ie  yard  50 

Loudi.iK  or  u,.lo,t.li„K  l.arKes.  hcows,  or  boat.,  of 
«"y  k.„d.  alo,.Ksi<|e  the  stuff  bei„K  delivered 

*'<•""  I -'.vard..  of  l.arRe.  etc..  ,H.r  ton  '         ..5 

Remov,„K  |,y  |.„,^„.„,  ,,.„,,^   ,,„,„^   ^.^^.     j^  ^^  ^.^         - 

ta„ce  of  1  ,„ilc  or  under.  ,M-r  Ion  4,, 

Add  for  every  tt.l.litional  n.ile,  or  part  of  a  mile 

«t'yo„d  the  first '  is 

Co«t  of  driver.  ho,>.e.  and  cart,  por  hour   .  .  .  35 

CoHt  of  wheel), arrow.s.  jht  hour  T. 

Co«t  of  tea,,,.  waKon,  and  .Iriver.  ,K..r  hour.  .  .  .  35 

Other  appliance.,  cost  „,u«t  be  a«,ertai„ed  before        ' 

puttuig  ill  the  tender  for  work. 

CONCRKTK  WORK 
Concrete  should  be  composed  of  pttre  clean  water 

a  proportion  of  sharp  sand  as  will  fill  the  voids 
betwee  the  stones  or  gravel;  and  this  latter  sho  Id 
not  be  larger  than  such  as  will  p..ss  through  a  ring  U 
m,h,,  m  diameter.     The  proportion  should  nevefbe 


87 


MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST    CHAR' 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2l 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


I  5  C      1""== 

Warn 

*^  m 
1: 1^ 


2.5 
2.2 

2£ 
1.8 

1.6 


jS     /IPPLIED  INA^GE 


Ibb}.    tost    Mo<r.    'j'.ef^i 

Roc^este'.    Ne*    rofk         T46C9        uSA 

(716)   482  -  0300  -  Phone 

(716)    288  -  5989  -  Fa. 


88  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

less  for  Portland  cement  than  one  to  six  parts  of  stones 
and    sand     combined,    anc     the    concrete    should     be 

ihick  The  following  prices  include  n.ixinir.  wheel- 
mg.  throwmg  in  place  and  tamping  down.  Of  course 
something  w,ll  depend  on  the  cost  of  .  .ent.  a  Jon 
the  cost  of  aggregate,  i.e.,  broken  stone  and  sand. 

CONCRETE  FOR  FOUNDATIONS  AND  PAVING 

Foundations  for  wall«.  etc-.,  circular,  straight  or  in 

tliick  pieces,  per  cui.ic  vard  $4  nr. 

AUoye  foundations,  un.lerpinning,  retaining  walls 

or  .sunilar  work,  per  eul.ic  vard.  .  '     4  sn 

Blocks  of  such  si.e  and  si.ape.  ifsquare,  as  ,nav  be        ' 
required,  and  .set  in  Portland  ce„H>nt,  moulds 
included,  per  euhic  vard.  r  on 

Foundations  for  paving  on  with  l.rick  or  stone 

4  Indies  thick,  per  vard  super  '         n. 

Ditto.  6  inche.s  thick,  per  vard  super  on 

Ditto,  9  inches  thick,  per  vard  super      ,0= 

Duto,  1 2  inches  tliick,  per  yard  suoer .'  . [  7n 

i-Ioating  surface  of  concrete  and  bringing  it  to  a        '" 
fair  face,  per  vard  super  ,,- 

Add  for  work  if  executed  between  high  and  low  *    ' 
water  mark,  including  full  protection  against 
tides,  or  streams,  per  cubic  vard ....  1   on 

Add  for  every  10  feet  hoisted  above  the  level  of 

first  floor,  for  each  cubic  vard  rn 

100  cubic  feet  of  ,s„lid  stone,  when  broken  so  that  the  "hraest 

Through  a  2-incli  ring,  will  equal  182  cubic  feet. 
Through  a  2}-inch  ring,  will  equal  170  cubic  feet. 

CONCRETE  FLOORS  AND  ROOFS 

roJfs'shoHH'K  '"  ^°""'  P^^-^--^^.  roof-gardens  or 
roofs,  should  be  made  m  the  proportion  of  one  part 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  89 

Portland  cement,  four  parts  of  broken  bricks,  slag  or 
other  porous  afjgregatc.  and  should  be  small  enough  to 
pass  through  a  i-i„ch  ring;  but  no  sand  should  be  used 
iMne   ashes    from    the    smith's    forge   make    the    best 
ma  er.al  for  th.s  purpose,  but  it  should  not  exceed  in 
bulk    o„e-th,rd    of    the   whole  mass.      The    concrete 
should  be  ia,d  ,H  position  gradually  and  continuously, 
until  (he  whole  work  is  done,  and  should  be  tamped 
concurrently  as  laid  in  place.     Concrete  under  boarded 
floors    ti  e  or  brick   pavements    should    be   as   above 
described,  but  m  the  proportion  of  one  part  Portland 
cement  to  five  parts  of  aggregate,  which,  after  being 
hrown    ,n   place,   should   be    leveled    off    n.cely    and 
tariiped  down  with  a  wooden  pounder  until  it  becomes 
pulpy  and  the  "fat"  or  cement  portion  is  brought  to 
the  surface,  when  it  should  be  floated  or  finished  to  a 
hne  smooth  face  with  a  wooden  float. 

PRICES   FOR    CONCRETE    FLOORS   AND   ROOFS 
Concrete  floor,  as  l.eforc  described.  4  inches  thick. 

laid  complete,  per  yard,  super.  .  .  jj  on 

Concrete  roofs,  per  yard  .super.  ..  "      j  qq 

Add  for  each  inch  in  thickness  above  4  inches 18 

Add  If  surface  is  finished  with  granite  siftings', 

i  nidi  tliick 

Add  to  floors  or  roofs,   when  the  under  side  is 
oxposed  and  rendered  fair  with  lime  putty 

for  Innewhiting -„ 

Concrete  bed  under  wooden  floors,  ground  level" 

as  described,  4  inches  thick.  '     i  nrt 

Chases  left  in  floors  or  roofs  for  expansion  by 
""sertn.g  battens,  including  u.se  of  same  fixing 
and  removing,  and  filling  up  cax  itv  with  con- 
rrete,  and  making  good  surface  after  remov- 
ing battens,  per  foot  run  ....  ^S 
Forming  channels  in  concrete  floors  or  roof.s  not  ' 
exceedmg  6-inch  girth,  per  foot  run.                     ij 


90  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

Extra  to  forming  4-inrh  projection  to  6-inrh  flat 
concrete  roof,  and  tl.roating  on  under  side, 
per  foot  run 

To  these  figures  add  for  lioisting  every  10  feet  in 
height,  after  the  first  10  feet,  per  yard  super 


.10 
.05 


"'"'''^'KnnT'iS.c''^    TRENCHES.    DRAINAGE. 
FOOTINGS  AND   SIMILAR   WORK 

As  before  stated,  the  prices  given  in  this  work  are 
not  to  be  considered  good  for  all  time.  The  prices 
given  to-day  will  be  found  cjuite  unreliable  in  a  month 
or  two,  '  r  when  applied  to  another  locality  The 
pnces,  however,  I  do  affix  to  the  work  specifie<i  may 
be  consKlered  moderate  and  fairly  safe  for  competitive 
endermg.  but  ,t  .s  always  best  to  vary  these  prices  by 
local  quotations  and  current  rates.  ' 

I  have  already  given  a  few  instructions  to  the  intend- 
.ng  contractor  with  reference  to  excavating,  but  it  may 
be  well  even  though  I  may  lay  myself  open  to  the 
crime  of  repeating  myself,  to  reiterate  in  some  measure 
those  mstructions  and  warnings 

weTl'^^t^r^r'^"'''"''"^'^^  specifications  should  be 
well  studied  and  specifications  carefully  read  over   so 
as    to     thoroughly    understand    what    'the     architect 
desires,  and  when  things  are  not  properly  digested  the 
architect  should  be  consulted.        "^     ^      ^      gcsttd  the 
The  site  of  the  intended  building  should  be  visited 
o  that  the  nature  of  the  soil  may  be  known,  the  dt 
tance  It  is  to  be  conveyed,  the  state  of  the  roadway 
and   the  distance    the  building  materials  have   to  be 
hauled      See  to  the  levels,  and  ascertain  as  nearly  a! 
possible  the  amount  of  material  to  be  removed.     Some- 
■  mes    in  digging,  a  very  different  soil  reveals  itself  to 
that  taken;    there  are  sometimes  loose  sand,  running 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  91 

water,  rock,  and  other  obstacles  that  have  not  been 
considered,  and  the  price  per  yard  for  digging,  removal 
of  loose  material,  strutting  sides  of  trenches,  pumping, 
and  cost  of  carting  may  make  a  considerable  differ- 
ence. The  builder  who  knows  the  locality  or  site  and 
the  sub-soil  is,  of  course,  in  a  better  position  than 
others  who  tender.  On  some  sites  sand  may  be  found 
a  few  feet  from  the  surface,  and  this  may  be  valuable 
and  make  a  difference  to  the  price;  or  it  may  be  the 
sand  has  been  screened  and  placed  again  on  the  site 
and  covered  with  loam,  in  which  case  the  excavations 
will  have  to  go  down  to  the  "virgin"  soil. 

The  cost  of    materials  should    be  obtained   before 
estimating.     The  prices  of  stone,  bricks,  sand,  lime, 
ballast,  delivered   on  the  si  j,  are  all-important  pre- 
liminaries to  correct  estimating.     The  prices  of  bricks, 
sand,  lime,  etc.,  vary  very  much  in  different  localities. 
To  take  brick  work,   several   elements  are  necessary 
before  a  correct  price  can  be  affixed  per  rod;  as,  for 
example,  the  price  of  bricks  in  field,  the  carriage  to 
works,   if  by  barge  or  rail,   the  cost  of  loading,   the 
freight,  unloading,  carting  from  wharf  to  works,  the 
price  per  yard  of  sand  delivered,   and  of  lime,  and 
cost  of  labor.     If  there  are  any  terra  cotta  or  drain 
pipes,  the  cost  delivered  on  the  site  should  be  obtained 
from  the  maker,  and  the  same  for  any  iron  work  or 
other  special  material. 

As  all  these  elements  are  found  to  vary  considerably. 
It  IS  only  possible  to  obtain  an  approximate  price. 
The  market  prices  of  leading  items  in  each  trade  ought 
to  be  known,  and  for  this  purpose  trade  lists  and  prices 
are  necessary.  The  quotation  of  prices  for  particular 
items  is  important. 
More  uncertainty  prevails  in  estimating  excavator's 


92  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

work  than  in  any  other  of  the  builder's  trades,  owing 
to  the  various  kinds  of  soil  to  be  removed,  if  the  soil  is 
carted  or  wheeled  a  long  or  short  way,  if  the  excava- 
.on  ,s  deeper  than  (i  feet  (the  height  a  man  can  work), 
'f  filled    in,   where    c.  posited.      This    item    is   taken 
according  to  the  labor  involved.     It  may  consist  sim- 
Plyof  diggmgand  carting,  as  in  the  excavation  over 
the  site,   or  of  digging,   filling,   and  ramming,  as   in 
trenches  for  foundation.     In  the  latter,  however,  both 
kmds  of  labor  -e  required.     Thus,  the  "digging  and 
cart-ng      represents    that    portion    of   the   excavLion 

and  the  fiUmg  and  rammmg"  applies  to  that  portion 
of  earth  wh.ch  ,s  filled  in  and  rammed  again' t  the 
walls.     Then   ,t  ,s  necessary  to  keep  such  items  sep- 

w  ;k^''  ,  *'''''"'^''''  ^^^  ^^'^avation  to  basements 
and  those  only  on  the  surface,  as  in  removing  the  top 
soil  and  wheelmg  away  not  exceeding  say  9  or  12 
inches  deep.  In  the  deeper  excavations  in  friable  soils 
.rnbenng  ,s  necessary,  as  walling  and  strutting  the 
sides  of  trenches,  etc. 

In  pricing  items  of  excavation,  the  depth  and  width 

hJk'"  ;  "''"'■' "^  '^"^°"'  ^"^  the  quantity  of 
t.mber.  ,f  necessary,  the  latter  measured  per  foot 
super    on    each   side,   must    be  known.       Digging   in 

faTh     tV'!?  ''^'rr  ^^^''^^  ''  "^"^'^  -^"  '-- 

earth.     The  disposal  of  the  stuff  should  be  made  clear 
Thus,  the  part  of  the  trench  to  receive  concrete  may 
be   described    as    "excavation    and   carting   away,    o^ 
wheeling  and  spreading."  the  portion  to  receive  the 

part  fir;  7  '""^'  ^^  "'^''^^'"^  ^«  t--'^- 

part  filled  in  and  rammed,  and  remainder  carted  away  " 
The  earth  may  be  dug  and  thrown  out.  wheeled  or 
basketed  out.  or  carted  away  to  m..ke  up  other  ground 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  53 

Depths^of  6  feet.  1.  feet,  or  18  feet  should  be  kept 

VVall  trenches  in  width  are  regulated  by  the  spread 
o  the  footmgs.  usually  twice  the  thickness  of  wall  at 
base,  and  room  enough  fo.  men  to  work  in  the  trench 

irrorfo^ot;:.'^^'  --'^ '  -''-  ^^--^  ^^-^^ 

Jd7!'7.r'^  ^'"T  T  ^'^"'  '^  '  ^P-^uJative  item, 
a.id   ,  s  cost  can   only  be   approximately  put  down 

osroVhtT  '"  P^^"'""^  P^^-  approximately  the 
b  sh  and  the'"^:  '"""•  ^^"d'  ^^--'  and  general  rub- 
fa  sh,  and  the  prices  given  these  hold  good  in  nearly 
all  cases,  but  exceptional  conditions  mu^st  be  provided 

ear'iril'Xd""'!:  "'  '°""'^'''°"  --»<.  when  the 
earth  is  filled  ,n  and  rammed,  it  is  perhaps  better  to 

make  a  separate  item,  as  "excavation  anS  retu  n  ng 

0  ter'fa?     fr"!"^'"  ^'^   ^"^"^'^>'   measured  Torn 
outer  face  of  br.ck  work  to  side  of  trench  by  the  depth 

Pri:  T:r\  "•'  '^^^^^  *^'"^  ^^°-  ^-^-'  excavft  on 
Pr  ced  b.lls  do  not  help  the  young  estimator  much 
To  take  two  or  three  priced  bills  of  quantities  for  the 
same    budding  will  reveal    extraordinary  differences 

tau  .ties  of  the  contractor,  his  nearness  to  the  work 

1  al::  of  '"  n'"^^^  P''^"^  ^"^  ^^^ff  °f  workmen   o; 
IS  a  man  of  small  capital  without  resources;    the  prices 

t\77i  ^"-^^'^^^^'^  '''  -^-^^e  is  pr;pared'w  th 
the  aid  of  drawings  or  specifications,  or  simply  from  a 
b  1  of  quantities,  from  the  items  of  a  day  or'm^easuTed 
account.  A  man  may  be  an  expert  quantity  taker  who 
has  not  mastered  the  fundament  ellments'^of  '"0^; 
the  two  processes  are  different.  The  expert  in  pricfs' 
be  a  man  naturally  addicted  to  study  and  com". 


ni 


94 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


pare  values,  to  analyze  the  composition  of  items-   he 
must  be  able  to  arrive  at  a  price  by  a  calculation  in 
detail.     A  mind  so  trained  will  be  able  to  trace  analo- 
f(ous  conditions,  will  be  able  to  generalize  and  com- 
pare.    We  should  recommend  the  young  estimator  to 
master  the  contents  of  every  trade  Tst  of  materials  and 
goods,    and     these    sho,'        be    kept,    classified    and 
indexed,   on   some    sys'         ror   easy  reference.      The 
trade  and  cash  discou     a,   railway  rates,   cost  nrices 
etc     should  be  collected  and   indexed   for  reference 
and  for  this  purpose  an  alphabetical  index  or  common- 
place book  ought  to  be  kept.     A  book  for  each  trade 
should  be  kept  to  enter  prices,  data,  a^     'nformation, 
always  giving  date.    Note  especially  the  ...ne  expended 
on  every  kind  of  labor,  as,  for  example,  the  time  taken 
by  a  laborer  in  digging  a  yard  cube  of  clay  or  other 
material,  how  many  yards   he  can  do  in  a  day    ^he 
time  It  will  take  a  joiner  to  frame  a  door  of  a  certain 
thickness  per  foot  super.,  or  the  time  it  takes  to  do 
any  unit  of  work. 

Large  quantities  of  material,  like  sand  or  ballast  or 
bricks,  can  be  procured  at  a  cheaper  rate  than  small 
supplies,  and  a  difference  of  at  least  10  per  cent  in  the 
cost  may  be  made;  but  in  every  particuar  instance  it  is 
better  to  make  inquiries  and  obtain  quotations  from 
reputable  dealers  and  contractors. 

The  presence  of  sand  on  the  site  will  often  save 
much  carting  away,  as  the  sand  and  ballast  can  be  used 
for  concrete  and  brick  work,  and  before  pricing  items 
ot  excavation  inquiries  should  be  made  as  to  the  depth 
of  the  sand  below  the  ground  level  All  above  the 
sand  has*  to  be  carted  away;  it  may  be  half  or  two- 
thirds  of  the  whole  depth  excavated.  When  sand  • 
occurs  in  the  trenches  and  site  considerable  saving  is 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  95 

ascmamcd  befcre  prK,,,^,.  so  tl,,„  ,,„  allowance  can  be 
made.     Thus.  ,„  ,re„chts  say  halt  full  of  g„„d  sand 

;;i'::'brL,:/L;'r"'ir".i"'""^'-^"""''i 
''.■s.inc, .aiu.  Tber-i sbou  1°  j; .liraVio'.'::: 

.'!::ro:irb;.:'i:^:'a;sX^-7«-"--^^^^^^^^ 


At  Fig.  A,  I  show  a  section  of    i  sif..  fk.f 

is  shown  to  be  re- 
moved and  terraced 
in  front  of  the  house. 
This  will  give  some 
idea  of  the  proper 
method  to  figure  on 
excavating  of  that 
kind  and  how  the 
material  may  be  dis- 
posed of. 

Before    proceeding 
may  not  be  out  of  place 
few   examples   of    deep 

for  drainage  or  other  purposes,  cut 
in   various   sorts   of  ground,   and 


96 


HODGSON'S  KSTIMATOR 


the  methods  employed  of  holding  the  backs  or  sides 

of  trench  in  place  until  the 
work  is  completed.  Fig.  1 
shows  a  trench,  3  feet  (» 
inches  deep  and  3  feet  wide, 
that  is  prevented  from  cav- 
ing in  by  the  use  of  cross 
sf  ruts  and  planks  placed  at  a 
distance  of  about  G  feet. 
This  trench  is  supposed  to 
be  dug  in  good  solid  ground. 
These  struts  and  planking 
will  require  about  10  feet  of 
material  for  every  G  feet  in 
length  of  the  trench,  and 
about  one-half  hour's  time 


Fig.  2 

in  putting  in  place  and  preparing  stuff. 
Fig.    2    shows    a 


"heading"  for  good 
ground.  This,  it  will 
be  noticed,  is  sheet- 
piled  on  top  and  two 
sides.  These  tim- 
bers must  be  sized  to 
suit  the  size  of  cut- 
ting, and  character 
of  ground;  so  price 
must  be  gauged  ac- 
cordingly. Cost  per 
running  foot,  about 
65  cents. 

Fig.  3   shows  an- 
other heading.   This 


is  for  very  bad  ground,   and  is  supposed  to  be  made 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  97 

very  strong.  This  is  an  expensive  affair;  but  .he 
niater.a  s  for  use  in  the  framework,  when  carefully 
removed,  may  be  used  a.^ain  for  the  same  o  sTmHa^ 
purposes      This  style  would  cost  about  »l.5o  pi     Z 

a   method    of 

shoving    a 

ditchorirench 

for      loose 

earth.       This 

may  be  built 

with  the  sheet 

piling    in    two    lengths. 

shown.      The    cost    of    tl 

style   of   shoving   would 

considerable     and     depen 

somewhat  on  the    depth 

cutting.     Supposing  this 

be   about    (J    feet  deep,    tl 

cost  would  be  from  75  to  i 

cents  per  running  foot,  whic 

would,    of    course,     incluc 

both  sides  and  cost  of  plan! 

ing  and    poles.      Some  allowance   would  have  to   be 

be  used  agam  for  a  s.m.Iar  purpose.     The  prices  given 
do  no     MK-lude  digging  or  removing  the  loose  earth 
but   s.mply   the   shoving  and  the  material  used     bui 

laXi^lT^lIl'lr^  ^^''^^  ^^^  '-^^^^^^ 

The  trench  shown  at  Fig.  5  differs  from  those  previ- 
ou.!y  shown  inasmuch  as  this  exhibits  a  trench  with 
slop.ng  or  .nclined   sides.      This   is  arranged  foT  a 


NCS 


MCS 


98 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


trench  cJuj,'  m  loose  or  treacherous  ground,  and  if  made 
about  i;  feet  deep  the  labor  and  materials  required  to 
complete  the  shovin-  u„iild  cost,  in  round  numbers, 


i»ii»»* 


Fig.  6 


$1.00  per  running  foot, 
including  the  removing 
of  planking  and  polin;,' 
of  the  work  when  com- 
pleted. 

The  illustration  shown 
at  Fig.  G  exhibits  a 
method  of  sheet  pilin"' 
for  a  deep  cutting  in  bad 


( 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  99 

or  loose  ground.     This  i,  an  expensive  necessity  wher- 
as  't  ^verc   of  shoring  and  an  extra  widening  of  th^ 

"e  in  h      t  J°'.     ^'''  ^''^^^  P'""^  ''  «^  P'-'^  two  o 
three  mches  thick,    .s  may  be  required,  and  each  ,.-n.u 

■s  pointed  at  one  end  and  is  driven  into  the  soi' 

bottom  of  the  wide  trench  as  shown,  and  Is  d 

and  made  secure,  after  which  the  lower  trench  i.  .xcv 

Tl.'s   .tyleof  planking  and  securing  the  work  is  very 

trf"?:'  ^"f.^^'^V"-  --'  be  figured  out  f;^ 
"tsclf.  the  cost  depending  largely  on  depth  and  width 
of  trench  and  quality  of  earth  to  be  supported  I  have 
known  of  such  work  as  described  costing  «.  5o  per 
-nn.ngfoot  for  labor  and  materials  for  the  p  rpo'" 
the  trench  being  about  U  feet  deep  on  an  aver"^ 
This  was  exclusive  of  digging  and  r^noving  the  afth 
from  the  trench.  Under  the  circumstance',  t  wo  d 
be  folly  to  give  any  stated  pr"       for  this  work      A„ 

ng  on  the  particular  wo.k-  to  be  uone,  and  it  is  always 
the  surest  way.    n  case^ 'iL^   fj,^  .    " '" '♦'^^ys 

mak*.  n«  .11  "f^^J*^^   the  one  under  notice    10 

rnake  no  alowmce  for    ,  .'urned  material,  for.  when 

ny'othe  '  ""*^''  "  '  ""  '^^^^  ^"^  ""le  va  ue  for 

any  other  purpose. 

A  FEW  THINGS  WORTH    KNOWING  RHGARDING  EXCAVATING 

The    following  items  should    aid    the   estimator   in 

NatZ'T  P"r-'"'  "^^"^'"^  ^-  ^P-«.  etc 
Natural  slopes  (with  horizontal  line): 

Chalk  ....  eco 

Hubble.  X 


Moist  sand oo 

r)ry  sand  . .  ZZ 

Vegetable  earth' ..  ; os 

Shingle    f^ 

Compact  earth 


.50 


Well  drained  ciay  ' 4R. 

Wet  clay  .. j- 

Loo.se  peat JV^ 

Firm  peat . . 45 


100 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


Height  of  perpendicular  face  which  .arious  soils  will 
retain  for  a  short  time  without  failing: 

f'''^,, 9  ft.  to  12ft. 

Drained  loam ^^^^    ^  ^^ 

Ordinary  earth 2  ft.  to    3  ft. 

Dry  sand  or  gravel  j  ft   j^,    3  ft. 

In  trimming  banks  for  a  permanent  surface  the  slope 
should  not  be  uniform,  but  flatter  at  the  lower  than 
the  upper  part.  For  instance,  in  the  same  soil  (clay) 
a  bank  5  feet  high  may  stand  at  a  slope  of  l^o  1; 
0  eet  h.gh,  2  to  1;  20  feet  high,  3  to  1.  with  prac- 
tically the  same  permanency.  The  most  economical 
section  for  a  deep  cutting  or  hillside  would  be  a  slope 
ranging  from  3  to  1  at  bottom  to  ^  lo  1  at  the  ton 
Equivalents  of  slopes: 


}  to  1=63'  30' 

i  to  1=53 
1  to  1=45' 
IJ  to  1=31  40' 
IJ  to  1=33  42' 


IJ  to  1=29^  44' 

2  to  1=26'  44' 

3  to  l=ls'  25' 

4  to  1=14  12' 


Increased  volume  of  earth  in  embankment  over  the 
same  unmoved: 

Sravel.. )  more.  |    Clay. ..  .    j  ^^^e. 

Chalk...... ■.■.'.■;.■. V.V.Y    '.       I    L**'-Ke™'^k8 J     " 

A  usual  allowance  for  settlement  is  one  inch  for 
every  foot  of  height,  but  the  settlement  is  sometimes 
as  great  as  3  inches  per  foot. 

A  good  excavator  will  dig  and  throw  into  a  barrow 
in  a  day  of  ten  hours: 

In  common  ground  r         o  ^    ,,,      ■ 

T„  «fiff    1  r       from  S  to  10  cub.  yd. 

In  stiff  clay  or  firm  gravel ..     ^  ^^    g        .. 

In  hard  ground  (picking  required) "     3  to    5        •< 

In  excavating,  a  vertical  throw  is  taken  at  <\  feet,  and 
when  a  trench  exceeds  that  depth,  stages  mu.t  be  pro- 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  ,oi 

vided.     In  practice,  stages  are  usually  set  at  somewhat 
closer  intervals. 

Clay  invariably  swells  on  exposure  of  the  face  in  an 
excavation,  and  allowance  must  be  made  for  this  in 
certain  works,  as  in  well-digging  and  tunneling. 

In  calculatmg  the  quantity  of  excavation  in  a  trench 
which  tapers  in  depth  or  width,  the  prismoidal  formula 
should  be  used,  v,z.,  area  of  two  ends  plus  four  times 
middle  area,  and  the  total  multiplied  by  one-sixth  of 
the  length. 

For  an  irregular  site  take  spot  levels,  join  all  up  into 
triangles,  then  multiply  the  mean  depth  of  each  tri- 
angle by  Its  area. 

A  run  is  a  certain  distance  for  wheeling  excavated 
material.     With  a  length  of  one  run,  two  Lr'rcan 

cnr^T  r?l  "^''^T  ''"'''"^-  ^^"^  ''-•"gth  Of  a  run  is 
commonly  taken  to  be  20  yards,  but  according  to  some 
IS  only  18  yards,  while  in  some  districts  22  yards 
^allowed,  and  in  U.  S.  government  work  25  yards 
make  one  run.  If  ^-heeled  more  than  three  runs,  a 
higher  proportionate  price  has  to  be  paid. 

WEIGHTS   OF   MATERIALS 

54  cubic  feet  =  1  double  load 

21  cubic  feet  of  -i  ver  .sa„d  (as  filled  into  carts) weigh  1  ton 

22  cubic  feet  of  p.t  sand  (a«  filled  into  cart«)  ..    ^"• 
^2  cubic  feet  of  common  ballast  ....              

23  cubic  feet  of  coarse  gravel 

24  cubic  feet  of  clean  shingle 

28  cubic  feet  of  stiff  clay 

28  cubic  feet  of  marl  

29  cubic  feet  of  chalk  (in  lump) '..'.'.'.', 

33  cubic  feet  of  earth  (niouldl  

A  tip  cart  will  hold  about  i  yard  cube  


102 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


v. 

n 


!! 

'I 


A  wl.oelharrow  pontains  ,V  yard  rul>o. 

A  small  earth  waRon  ^^  11  hold  l  J  ,.„|,i<.  yards 

A  large  earth  wagon  will  hold  3  cubic  vards 

'  '"'ifeJote'r^  ■•""'^  T''  "■■  ^'■"^"'  ^"""'"'"^  27  striked  bushels 
Lefore  digging,  and  27  heaped  hushels  when  dug 

49  square  yards  =  1  rood  of  surface  digging  in  country. 

J  have  shown  some  of  these  tables  in  different  forms 
.n  order  to  meet  the  several  local  customs  of  dealing 
wi  h  the  same  conditions;    a  method  which,  I  think 
w.Il  g.ye  this  little  work  wider  range  than   it  would 
otherwise  have. 

I  now  offer  some  short  rules  on  excavating  that  may 
sometimes  be  found  handy: 

wi^  ^"I'f "  loconiotive  s'team  crane  excavator,  fitted 
w.  h  a  l^yard  cube  digging  bucket,  will  excavate  and 
deliver  into  wagons  from  SOO  to  1,000  cubic  yards  per 
day  of  10  working  hours  according  to  the  nature  of 
the  ground. 

Work  in  trenches  costs  20  to  30  percent  more  than 
diggmg  over  areas  where  the  labor   is  not  cramped 

rhe  SOI  IS  merely  deposited  at  a  sate  distance  (of  say 
^  fee  )  from  the  edge  of  the  trench,  from  whence  it  is 
wheeled  or  carted  away.  Take  common  ground,  a 
man  would  here  be  able  to  manage  only  8  yards  ctibe 
>n  one  day,  as  there  is  a  limited  space  to  work  in   and 

he  so,  has  to  be  pitched  out  one  "throw."  Earth 
that  IS  loose  enough  to  shovel  out  without  using  the 
p.ck,  and  where  only  one  "throw"  is  required,  may  be 

emoved  or  about  U  cents  per  yard  cubic,  or  for  less, 
uhere  a  plow  and  scraper  can  be  employed.  With  the 
a.d  ot  plow  and  scraper,  earth  may  be  removed  any- 

Tard      Tn      T  A"'  ^'"^^  ^"^  ^^°"^  ''  ^^"^^  P-  cubic 
yard.     If  loaded  m  carts  or  wagons,  't  will  cost  from  20 

to  .1..  cents  p,,r  yard.     Very  hard  clay,  gravel  or  hard- 


•  • 


I 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  103 

pan  may  cost  from  40  cents  to  gl.OO  a  yard  to  remove 
Kock  will  cost  from  Sl.oo  to  S5.00  to  remove,  depend- 
>ng  on  the  kind  of  rock.     Old  foundations,  when  stone 
brick,  old  timber  and  lath,  etc.,  are  buried  in  mortar 
and  other  debris,  will  cost  from  5()  cents  to  $:i  00  to 
r'-move  a  cubic  yard  from  the  ^rround  to  a  distance  not 
exceeding  100  yards.     This  includes  digging,  loading 
i;hopping  and  unloading. 

SOME    ROUGH    APPROXIMATE    PRICES 
Digging  in  ordinary  soil.s,  not  more  than  G  feet  in 

depth,  per  eui)ie  yard $0   18 

Ditto,  above  6  feet  in  depth,  and  not  exeeeding 

10  feet,  per  cubic  yard .>) 

Ditto,  above  10  feet  and  not  exceeding  14  feet  in 

depth,  per  cubic  yard 05 

In  hf-avy  soils,  allow  extra,  per  cubic  yard 05 

Preparing  for  foin>dations,  including  fiHing  in  and 

rannning,  per  cubic  yard 25 

Reducing  the  ground  to  tiie  re<iuired  level,  the 
average  deptii  not  to  exceed  LS  inches,  per 

yard  super J2 

Wheeling  ground,  clay,  or  gravel  h>'  barrows,  20 

yards  run,  or  less „„ 

Ditto,  for  every  other  20  yards,  or  part  of  a'run 

beyond  the  first  20  yards q^ 

Carting   and   shooting,   or   delivering   dittoi    not 

exceeding  1  mile -, 

Ditto,  for  every  additional  mile  or  part  of  a  mile . .        '25 

(Tolls  if  any,  to  be  charged  ) 
Calculate  wells,  not  exceeding  S  feet  in  depth,  at 

pt^r  foot  run— i.e.,  on  the  depth. 
Digging  and  staining  dry,  in  half  a  brick  4  feet 

6  inches  in  diameter.  .  9  ^, 

Ditto,  5  feet  .3  inches...  .,   , , 

^ .  40 

While  the  foregoing  on  "excavating"  does  not  cover 
the  whole  ground,  sufficient  has  been  advanced  to 
enable  the  estimator  to  get  a  good  idea  of  the  require- 


104 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


ments  to  make  a  tolerably  fair  estimate  of  the  cost  of 

u7  Tltr^Y  ''  ""^  ''  ^^"^'^  "P-  ^« "Jure 

up.  As  I  have  before  stated,  the  thing  in  estimaiinL' 
o  .nsure  fa.rly  correct  results  is   "sound  judX"' 

added  to  exper.ence.  The  rules  and  methodl  pub- 
shed  .n  th.s  and  other  work,  on  estimating  are  simply 

the  tools  with  which  the  estimator  works      If  he7,e  a 

good    Ob;    ,f  not.  no  matter  how  good  the  tools  may 
feel   hL    ;?  "^"  ''""  "P  '^^^'  "'^  ^he  contractor  w  1 1 

LAVING   DRAIN    PIPES,    WEEPING   TILES,    ETC. 

The  size  of  drains  are  determined  by  the'quantitv  of 
sewage^  be  conveyed  and  the  velocity  of  /hcsX 
How.  No  house  dram  should,  however,  be  less  thtn 
4  nches  •  d.ameter.  They  should  be  la  d  in  pefec'  ^ 
DoTn'f  h  "  "'^'  ^"  ^•^""  ^-^'-'  f--  point  o 
beng^rh.-n""""^""'^'^"^  or  changes  of  d'ir.c  ion 
be.ng  w.thm  convenient  mspeciion  chambers  or  man- 

per  m.nute)  when  flowing  f'u.l.  so^Lt  th^y^'n^^t 
elf-cleansmg  when  only  a  normal  quantity  of  sevva^e 
's  passing  through  them.  sewage 

The   quantity   of    sewage    and    waste    wif.T    tr.    i 

sr« ';?"■  ''^""''"''- '-  ="  p-  oses"::L';„t; 

:t     1  f°  ^^"°"=  ?"-•■■  P"»on  per  U  hours.     The  drain 
should   be  large  enough  to  remove  one-half  the  esri 

JS  I-  me  district,  the  average  annual  rainfall  for 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  105 

which  can  be  ascertained.  Rain-water  drains  must  be 
sufficiently  large  to  conveniently  remove  the  whole  of 
ihe  water  which  may  be  expe<-^ed  to  fall  during  the 
prevalence  of  a  heavy  storm. 

The  average  ramfall  from  roofs  in  this  country  may 
be  taken  at  16  inches  per  annum,  after  allow^-^g  for 
loss  by  evaporation,  ibsorption,  etc. 

Provision  should  be  made  for  removing  rainfall  per 
hour  as  follows: 

From  roofs  (measured  horizontally) 75  inches  In  depth. 

t  com  paved  surfaces 75  „ 

From  gravel  surfaced 4  <• 

From  meadows  or  grass  plots l  " 

For  ordinary  houses,  drain?  having  4-inch  branches 
and  G-inch  mains  are  generally  sufficient.  Villas  and 
larfje  houses  usually  require  larger  mains  but  pipts  of 
the  smallest  size  which  may  be  considered  adequate 
should  be  used,  as  being  more  self-cleansing  than 
larger  pipes. 

An  easy  rule  to  remember  for  the  purpose  of  deter- 
mining the  gradients  of  drains  so  as  to  secure  good, 
self-cleansing  velocities  for  the  sew?ge,  is  the  follow- 
ing well-known  -decimal  .u!e."  Multiply  the  diam- 
eter of  the  pipe  by  IC,  md  the  result  gives  the  gradient 
for  the  drain,  viz.: 

Diameter  of  Drain.  g^^jj^^j  ^,  ^^^ 

f '"'='>«« lin    40 

J      ..       lin    60 

'"^  lin  120 

The  maximum  velocity  and  discharge  of  sewage  from 
ordinary  drain  pipes  (i.  e.,  when  running  nearly  full) 
as  calculated  by  the  Etyelivein  formula  is  as  follows, 
viz.: 


^TT»**lrafflBBic» 


io6 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


Diameter  of 
Pipe. 


Inches. 


Tall. 


Keet. 
1  ill    40 
i  in    50 
I  in    60 


1-'. 


in 

60 

in 

70 

III 

80 

in 

90 

II) 

100 

111 

110 

in 

120 

in 

150 

1 

n 

200 

Maximiini 

Vflocity  per 

Miiiiile. 


Feet. 
2S1 

254 
232 

2S7 
265 
249 

284 
270 
257 

285 

255 
221 


Maxi     im 

Uischarse  )>er 

Minute. 


Ciallon.s. 
146 
131 
120 

328 

,  303 

284 

742 
705 
670 

1318 
1177 
1021 


Generally  a  ,Xi,v„^  V  7,"""  ""'"  '"'  '"'■■'<''■ 
180  feet  tr  „,i,  u^.Tl  V  '""'  ^"  '"=""''  C^"  '<> 
nary  du,ra„T     '  .  '  '"  "''''"  "'»'  ""=  °""- 

ni>.s,  be  allowed     7     Th     ,  ""'°T''  '"  '  ''''■'"  '™^- 
jncon      .,       :--:;- 

disturbed.  •  """"'■■■■    ""^>'   "'"    '•'"^'y   '"    be 

Drains  should  be  keni    is  fnr  . 
buildings    so  thif   ,h  ''■'^'  ^'  P^'^''^''-'  f^o"! 

injured  or  dIurtM    '"''"    '"'   ^""^^   "'''>'  "^'   ^e 
By  this  n  ea     '        risk'of'T  "''^■""^"'  "'  ''^  ^^•^"^■ 

trating  within  .hM        r  "'''''^'"  ""^  '''''''''  ""'''  ^^''^■ 

ng  uithm  the  bu.ld.nys  ,s  mmimized.     For  similar 


AND  CONTRACTORS  GUID^  ,07 

reasons  the  drains  should  not  pass  under  houses  except 
when  absolutely  unavoidable,  and  in  such  circum- 
stances heavy  cast  iron  pipes  with  caulked  lead  joints 
should  be  used. 

An  unyielding  bed  on  which  to  lay  the  drains  is 
necessary  to  ensure  sound  and  permanent  work  A 
layer  of  concrete  should  therefore  be  provided  under 
the  pipes,  unless  the  ground  is  nacurallv  very  hard  and 
compact. 

Branch  drains  should  not  join  the  main  or  collect  nu 
drauis  w>th  level  inverts.  The  junction  should  be 
ettected  w.thm  an  inspection  chamber  or  manhole, 
aiid  the  branch  channels  arranged  to  discharge  over 
the  channel  of  the  main  drain.  Care  should  be  taken 
that  the  branch  channels  are  placed  so  that  they  do 
not  discharge  immediately  opposite  each  other  when 
entering  the  main  channel. 

Stable  drainage  should  be  kept  separate  from  the 
house  drainage  in  all  cases  where  practicable 

Covers  to  inspection  chambers  should  have  a  clear 
opening  of  U  by  18  inches,  so  that  a  man  may  con- 
veniently pass  through  them. 

The  materials  of  which  drain-pipes  are  made  varies 
considerably  in  different  localities.  Well-burnt  stone- 
ware pipes  of  good  quality  are  thoroughly  vitrified, 
and  when  broken  present  a  fine  close  grain  with  a 
somewhat  metallic  appearance.     Fire-clay  pipes  do  not 

absorbent  than  stoneware  pipes.     Earthenware  pipes 
are  quite  unsuited  for  use  in  house  drainage 

Stoneware  drain-pipes  should  be  of  the  description 
known  as  "salt-glazed,"  so  as  to  obtain  an  imper^io  s 
and  lasting  surface.  For  ordin-ry  house  drainage  pur- 
poses  the  pipes  are  usually  ma.  e  in  2-foot  lengths 


io8 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


Specially   selected   and    tested   stoneware   pipes    in 

a    ith   :;.?  -^  "f  '^'  °'^^'"'^''  ^^^"^  n.anufacture:s 
a  slight  additional  cost  over  ordinarv  pipes.      "Tested" 

•^'flitheTd''^  r^^^'r^--^^^tandl^.'a  pressur^    f 

Neat  P     .?   T"'  ""''°"'  ^'^°^'"^'  ^'^^"^  «f  -^'--^fing- 

Neat  lortlandcementis  generaliy  used  for  jointiiv. 

ord  nary  spigot  and  socket  pipes,  or  cement  and  sand 

sani       P'°P"^''""^  °f  «-'   P^^^  -^-•'"-t  to  one    part 

Cement  joints  must  be  very  carefully  formed  and 
wpcd  out  as  the  work  proceeds,  so  as  L  avoid  bur^ 
on  the  inside  of  pipes. 

sevtal'^-irr"'''  %  "'^'"""'^  '^^  ''^^"P''"^  «-  °f  the 

made  bv  h  r?  "'""'  °^  P''^^'''"'  ''^''y  J-'"^^  "«w 
made  by  the  leading  manufacturers.     They  are  more 

P mt,,  but  the  advantage  of  obtaining  a  stronger  and 
safer  connection  more  than  counterbalances  the  addi- 
lional  cost. 

enZTr'"'''  '^.'•"'*  ^'■'''"'■"  ^""  ^'''  be  obtained  by 
entirely  surrounding  the  pipes  with  concrete.     A  thick- 

purpl      '"'''^'  ""^  '°"'''*''  '"'  "'"^"^  ="'^'='^"t  ^°^  'his 
The  average  thickness  and  weight  of  glazed  stone- 
ware drain-pipes  per  2-foot  length  is  as  follows,  viz.: 


Diameter  of 
Pipe. 


I-ength  of 
Socket. 


Thickne.s.s  of 
Stoneware. 


Inches. 

4 

6 

9 

12 


Inches. 
IJ 
IJ 
2 
2 


Average  Weight 

per  2  ft.  LenKth 

of  Pipe. 


Inch. 
i 


Lbs. 
18 
32 
58 
90 


The  cost  per  foot  of  these  pipes  should  be  obtained 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  109 

from  the  deali-r,  along  with  the  extra  cost  of  Wys, 
\  "s  or  other  connections  that  may  be  required,  before 
any  estimate  is  made.  If  the  drain-pipes  are  to  be  laid 
in  concrete,  the  cost  of  the  concrete  and  labor  of  put- 
tin},'  it  in  place  must  also  be  added.  The  digging  of 
trenches  has  been  dealt  with  before,  but  in  making  an 
estmiate  this  item  of  digging  and  removing  the  soil 
must  not  be  overlooked.  It  is  not  possible  to  give  a 
price  for  work  of  this  kind  unless  the  size  of  pipes, 
depth  of  trench,  if  or  if  not  bedded  in  cement  or  con- 
crete, etc.,  are  given;  then  a  price  per  foot  in  length 
may  be  arrived  at. 

Cast  iron  pipes  are  largely  used  in  high-class  drain- 
age work.  The  cost  is  not  much  more  than  that  of 
good  glazed  stoneware  surrounded  with  6  inches  of 
concrete. 

The  advantages  obtained  by  the  use  of  cast  iron 
pipes  as  compared  with  glazed  stoneware  are  as  follows: 

1.  The  pip(;s  are  of  greater  strength.  They  are 
consequently  not  so  liable  to  become  fractured  or 
broken. 

2.  Air  and  water-tight  joints  can  be  readily  made  by 
running  with  molten  lead  and  caulking. 

3.  Fewer  joints  are  required,  owing  to  the  longer 
lengths  of  the  pipe. 

For  substantial  work  the  iron  pipes  should  be  of 
similar  thickness  and  strength  as  those  used  for  ordi- 
nary  water  mains.  They  are  generally  laid  in  9-foot 
lengths,  with  spigot  and  socket  joints  run  with  lead 
and  caulked. 

Whenever  a  drain  passes  under  or  through  a  wall  it 
should  be  of  iron,  then  if  any  settlement  takes  place 
the  iron  will  offer  a  much  greater  resistance  to  the 
consequent  pressure  than  glazed  earthen  tiles  would 


tto 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


Weepmg  tiles  may  be  common  field  tiles,  or  they 
may  be  ordinary  dram  tiles  uf  small  diameter.  They  are 
made  use  o  occasionally  to  drain  around  a  foundation 
wal     or  to  dra.n   under  the  concrete  floors  of  a  cellar. 

U  hen  field  t.les  are  employed  they  butt  at  the  joint^- 
wh.ch  are  not  made  ti«ht.  as  water  is  intended  to  ente; 

larv  tile,'  fh  ""^'  T"'-  '^^'  ^'■»"^'  ^'^"'  -'^h  ordi- 
na  y  tdes.  the  joints  bemg  left  loose  so  that  water  may 
enter  at  every  joint.  ' 

The  cost  of  laying  weeping  tiles  is  very  small,  as  a 
man  will  lay  3(,  or  ,0  feet  per  hour,  but  th^cost  o    th  • 
t.Ie  themselves  must  be  considered.     There  will  be  no 
excavating  for  these  tiles,  as.  in  the  case  of  a  ce  lar 
he  tiles  are  laid  on  about  the  same  level  as  the  foun! 

elation;    the  tiles  are  laid  on  a  level,  and  agains     the 
ootings.     Of  course,  the  tiles  in  both  cases  must  lead 

into  the  mam   dram,  and   this   may  necessitate  some 

extra  digging. 

FOUNDATION    FOOTINGS 

In  placing  footings  a  special  rate  should  be  made,  as 
much  more  c        and  time  is  required  in  getting  good 
flat  s  =nes  of  the  proper  thickness,  and  l!velin|  them 
on  their  beds,   than  in   laying  an  ordinary  wall      I^ 
n^y  own    practice    I    have  usually  charged   up  50  per 
cent  more  per  cord  for  footings  than  for  the  other  por- 
tion of  stone  wall,  and  this  additional  charge  has  been 
found  not  a  bit  too  much   in  most  cases.     If  the  foot" 
.n.'s  are  of  concrete,  as  is  generally  the  case  now,    hen 
tnis  must  be  charged    in    accordance  with    the    rules 
g.ven  under  the  head  of  concrete.     Concrete  footing 
may  be  flat  or  they  may  have  a  broad  base  and  narrow 
top,  just  wide  enough  to  take  the  walls,   whether  of 
brick  or  stone. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


III 


The  three  illustrations  shown  at  Fig.  7  fjive  an  idea 


',  '"  ^"""'"  «"  rig.  ,  give  an  idea 
«'f  I"'!!,  concrete  and  stone  footings.     The  first  is  cc  ,- 


Pig-  7 
Crete  having  a  rectangular  section,  or  it  may  be  inclined 
from  the  outs.de.  The  second  is  formed  of  five  thick, 
nessesof  dmiens.on  stones  drawn  in  towards  the  top 
This  ,s  intended  to  carry  a  very  heavy  wall.  The  thi  d 
.s  forned  of  two  thicknesses  of  dimension  stones  but 
.s  not  drawn  m.     All  three  of  these  a.  •  good  examples 

1  f  * 


foot 


ings,    but 


they  do  not  by  any 
means  cover  the 
whole  ground;  an- 
other example  is 
shown    at    Fig.  s. 


jf 


1^ 1 


i 


Th 


IS   IS    a    section 


and 


is  intended  to 


carry  a  high  and 
heavy  wall.  The 
concrete  is  IS 
inches  thick  and 
fully  5  feet  C  inch 


-«w 


Concrete 


Footings. 


\ 


■i 


Fig.  8 


es  across.     In  esti 


concrete  must  be  figured  at  so  much 

full 

bricl 


mating  for  this,  the 
per  cubic  yard,  and 


allowance  made  for  wheeling  and  dumping      Th 
1<    or    stone   work    above,    until    the    level    of   th 


ground  is  reached,  should  be  charged  up  about 


cent  above  th 


10 


i-'  leguiar  rales. 


per 


If  footings  are  laid 


m  with  ordinary  quarried  stones 


112 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


without  clrcss.n«.  the  cost  will  I.c  ..bout  $r>m  a  cord  of 
1(H)  cubic  fcft.  .xclusivc  of  all  materials.  Cost  of 
materials,  stone  and  m..rtar.  to  be  added,  and  if  lai.l 
m  cement  the  cost  will  he  a  trifl.r  more. 

Ordinary  quarried  stone  laid  in  the  wall,  set  in  irood 
lime  mortar,  is  worth  at  the  present  time  $.5.0(1  per  cord 
of  100  f.et  in  the  wall  for  setting. 

In  buyintj  rou^^h  <iuarried  stones  bv  the  cord,  which 
IS  the  usual  way  in  most  of  the  states  an<|  Canada  the 
purchaser  is  suppose,!  to  receive  l-2:<  feet  cubic  in  the 
rough,  but  the  mason's  measurement,  including  mortar 
joints.  IS  100  cubic  feet  in  the  wall  for  one  cord;  and 
when  he  buys  he  expects  to  pav  for  the  100  feet  per 
cord  and  to  receive  pay  on  the  same  basis. 

In  putting  in  stone  foundations  as  above,  the  esti- 
mator must  make  provision  for  all  openings,  and  when 
cfit  stone  or  cement  sills  and  lintels  are  used   for  doors 
or  windows,  they  must  be  changed  up  extra  by  the  run- 
ning foot.     All   ventilators  must  be  extra   items  and 
duly  charged.       Figure  for  all    openings    for    drain- 
pipes  water  gas.  or  other  pipes  entering  the  basement 
or  cellar      All  areas  must  be  figured  on  by  the  yard 
super..    If    in    cement   or   stone,    according   to    prices 
given;  steps,  walls  and  copings  must  all  be  measured 
ofi;  and  charged   up  according  to  size  and    material, 
i^rices.  1   not  found  in  this  work,  must  be  ascertained  i.. 
the  locality  where  the  work  is  to  be  executed 

Sills  and  lintels,  in  either  stone  or  cement,  may  b.- 
bought  from  the  dealer  by  the  foot  suoer.  or  c'ubi.^ 
foot,  and  price  lists  of  same  may  be  obtained  from  the 
manufacturers. 

Footings  and   basement  or  cellar  walls   are   some- 
imes  specified   to  be  m.ade  damp-proof,  and  the  archi- 
tect somiimcs   shows    how   the   walls    are    to  be  con- 


structed 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  ,,3 


Fig.  ,j 


concrete  4  or  <;  inches 
thick.  A  damp-proof 
course  of  slate  or  as- 
phalt is  shown  on  a 
line  with  cellar  floor.  -   , 

and  is  continued  on  the  outside  wall  to  a  point  above 
the  l.ne  of  ground.  This  is  an  effective  method  In 
th.s  case  thc^crete   is  worth  from  10  to  1.5  pe/ceal 

more  to  put  in  place  than  if 


a  Simple  footing  as  above. 
Damp-proof  course  is 
wort!  'rom  15  {^  25  cents 
a  running  foot,  according 
to  the  thickness  of  the 
wall. 

The  footing  shown  at 
Fig-  K'  is  a  still  more  ex- 
pensive  one.       Here  is  a 

^■4"  •>!  .■L'.v—v'.v;^  '"^'  ^"""^'"^^    '"  'concrete 

##g^^#^  and   a   double    wall  for  a 

<vmr^,;y^y^^^>^^^.o^,Z^/  portion    of    the    height. 

Fig.  :o  There  is  a  damp  course  of 

wall  and  level  with  th.  finish'If ''  '"''^  "  ^  '"  '^'  •""'■" 
the  cell;,r  fl^  V       ^"'Sh-ng  cuac  01  cement,  M,  on 


C*'' 


114 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


space  between  the  walln  for  air  and  to  avoid  damp. 
Concrete  is  thrown  in  between  the  walls  below  to  a 
thickness  of  8  or  1(»  inches,  thus  preventing  any  damp 
from  attackinjr  the  main  wall.  The  space  between  the 
two  walls  is  covered  over  at  the  top  with  a  stone  slab, 
J,  which  prevents  any  rain  or  other  water  from  gaining 
entrance. 

Here  we  have  several  new  items  to  figure  on.  Extra 
bricks  in  outside  wall,  covering  slab,  concrete  in  air 
space  and  damp  course.  Figure  the  concrete  by  the 
yard  cubic,  the  slab  by  the  running  foot,  the  extra 
bricks  in  the  usual  manner  and  the  damp  course  same 
as  before  mentioned. 

We  are  now  in  a  position  to  describe  some  of  the 
methods  of  estimating  as  mentioned  in  previous  pages, 
and  will  endeavor  to  do  so  before  entering  into  detail* 
estimating. 

As  I  have  stated  before,  there  are  five  distinct 
methods  of  estimating,  namely,  by  rough  quantities, 
by  the  square,  by  the  unit  of  accommodation,  by 
cubing,  and  by  itemizing  details.  The  two  latter  may 
be  considered  the  best  methods  of  the  five,  and  the 
last  the  best  of  all,  though  the  most  troublesome  Oi 
the  first  three  I  will  say  but  little,  as  they  will  be  apt 
to  lead  the  ordinary  contractor  into  a  maze  of  diffi- 
culties that  will  eventuate  in  loss  of  time  and  money; 
besides,  a  fairly  correct  description  of  them  and  the' 
method  of  using  them  have  been  already  presented.  It 
may  be  well,  however,  to  make  a  few  remarks  con- 
cerning them. 

The  cost  of  buildings  is  constantly  changing,  so  it 
must  be  remembered  that  no  matter  what  prices  are 
given  in  this  bi,uk  the  .  siimator  must  in  every  case 
use  his  own  judgment  and  true  knowledge  when  mak- 


AND   CONTRACTOR'S   GUIDE  ,15 

ing  up  his  tender,  and  add  or  deduct  whatever  percent- 
age niay  be  necessary  to  suit  the  fluctuations  in  prices 
cos  rK"^"'''^"'''^-  ^^'^'"^^  ^h'^  '-^  decade  the 
M  to  40  per  cent;  stone  and  the  more  elaborate  build- 
cheaper  k.nd,   owing  perhaps  to   the  greater  co.t   of 

dea  of  the  cost  of  a  proposed  btulding  may  be  derived 
on.  a  ,    ,,„,  the  proportional  cost  of'the  various 

the  bril         r     "?•    '"  "'^''"'^>'  ^""^^^^'^   buildings 
h.rH  "^.   ,.'"'    n,asonry  will  represent   from  one- 

s  a  fr  in  "V':  ^°^^'  '^"^^'  ""'-^  '^^  building 

ho        h\     ;  '"  ^■'^'''^  '"'"  ^'^^^  ^°°d  ^"'■k.  including 

abo    and  hardware,  will  represent  about  three-fifths  of 

e    total    cost.      The    following   figures    show,    from 

actual  expenerce.  about  the  average  ratio  of  costs  of 

the  var,ous  trades  for  the  erection  of  brick  or      one 

dwellmgs  with  slate  roofs. 

Perrentapp  of 

Excavator  and  drainage """'  '^"*'- 

Hrioklayer  and  mason        '^'^ 

Slates  and  roofs " '^^-^ 

Carponter,  hardware,  etc '*''' 

Electric  wiring,  hells,  and  fitments  [ ^^'1 

I  last«rer,  stucco  work,  etc.  

Pluniiwr,  heating,  etc.  .  .      ^'^ 

I'ainter,  glazier,  pajx-r  hanger.'  ..'.','..■',■.■ f " 

».o 

lotal loyo 

^milar    tables    may   be    constrnm-rl      u      ■ 

-rage,  ratio  of  cos.  /or  ,.„:""      ,,.;r.r    '"' 


mfm 


116  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

the  estimator  when  figuring  up  for  buildings  of  a  simi- 
ar  nature.     Having  the  total  cost  of  one  building  of 
this  kind,  with  the  cost  of  each  of  the  trades  named 
on  the  same  building,  the  rest  is  easy,  the   difference 
.n  size  and  character  of  the  two  buildings  being  consid- 
ored.    Th.s  may  be  considered  estimating  by  compari- 
son.    If  the  bric.  and  stone  work  of  one  building  costs 
say  10  cents  per    ,^ery  cubic  foot  of  the  building,  then 
the  wood  work  will  cost,  according  to  the  rule  given 
about  H  cents  and  a  fraction  for  a  foot  cubic  of  the 
whole  bu.ldu.g,  and  the  other  trades  in  proportion  as 
laid  down. 

This  method  is  rather  arbitrary,  and,  while  given 
here,  is  not  supposed  to  be  quite  correct,  but  when 
properly  understood  will  be  found  quite  useful 
_  Ou  the  same  lines  I  give  another,  which  may  some- 
times be  employed  in  determining  the  cost  of  labor 
where  all  materials  are  furnished.  This  is  a  rough 
and  ready  means  of  making  a  comparison,  but  is  pretty 
nearly  correct  and  may  sometimes  be  used  to  ad- 
vantage: 

Percentage  to 

Exravator '"'*'  "'^ 

Draiii.igp,  etc 

Bricklaypr 

Ma-soii 

Slater  or  roofer 

Tiler • 

Carpenter 

Joiner  and  hardware 

Pliusterer 

Plurnl)er ' 

Painter 

Here,  then,  by  this  rule  wc  find  that  if  the  material 
for  the  painter  cost  one-third  of  any  given   amount. 


iti^siAi '  "iirr'Ti — ^iTMiTiirniwimTir 'ir~ 


IPi! 


':«W3««B5jwF™^-j^-<(rf 


Table  showing  rate  of  Wages  paid  per  Hour  in  the  Rvildino  Tradeb,  in  Twentt-nini 


Name  of  City. 


Buffalo,  N.Y.  .. 
Baltimore,  Md. . 

Cliicago,  111 

Cleveuiid,  O .  .  . 

Columbus,  U . . . 

Cincimnti,  O . . . 


Denver,  Col. 


Duhi'h,  Minn. 
De*  oit,  Mich. 

Erie,  Pa 

IndianapoliB,  Ind. 
Jackaon,  Mich. 

Kansas  City,  Mo.. 
Minneapolis,  Min. 


MUwaukee,  Wis. 
New  York,  N.  Y. 
Newark,  N.  J.  . . . 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Providence,  R.  I. 

Portland,  Ore. . . . 

Pittsburg,  Pa 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

Scranton,  Pa ...  . 
8.  Francisco,  Cal. 
St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Toledo,  O 

Topeka,  Kan . . 


Masons. 


45 

55 

60 

50  to  55 

50 

60 


62)  to  68} 

45 
53 
45 
45  to  60 
50 

50  to  62i 
60 


60 
661 
67} 

60 

46 

68} 

60 

60 

33i 

75 

45  to  50 


Brick- 
layers. 


65 
45 


Tacoma.  Wash. . . , 
Washington,  D.C. 


68 
56 


I 


50 

56 

60 

60  to  65 

55 

60 


62}  to  68} 

60 
53 
50 
45  to  60 
50 

50  to  62} 
65 


50 
65 
67* 
60 

46 

68} 

60 

66 
50 
75 
50 


56 
55  to  62i 


68} 
56} 


Structu- 
ral Iron 
Setters. 


60 

43} 

66} 

47i  to  60 

40 

50 


50 

35 
35 


Ornamen- 
tal Iron 
Setters. 


50 


52J 
31}  to  43} 


40 


50 


2.50  to  3.50 

p.  day. 

36 

30 


40 


60 
40 


40 
56} 
60 
50 


47} 

60 

65 
45 
50 
36 


40 


60 
40 


40 
66} 


40 


62} 
50 


46 
66 


46} 
40 


40 


60 
50 
56} 
60 

50 

62} 

65 

56} 
50 

33} 
46 
40 

62} 
56} 


40 
68} 
67} 

60 


Lathers. 


t2  p.  M. 


50 

»3  to  3.75 

p.  day. 

46 

2.25  P.M. 


3}  to  4} 

p.  yard. 

46 

43} 

3c.  p.y'd. 


"I 


43 
37 
56 
35 

30 

37} 

37} 

30 
30 


2}to2f 
per  yard. 
4.00  p.dy 


35 


46 

62} 

62} 

76 
37} 

66} 


30 
50 
66 
43} 


13  p.  day 


62} 
31} 


32} 
66} 


40 

62} 
37} 
60 
47} 


50 
42} 


35 
62} 


45 
3c.  p.  yd 


37} 


40 

271  to  S5 

47} 

37} 

t< 

25 


50 
441 
56} 
43} 

65 

50 


56 

36 
50 


55 


40 


35 


I 


56} 
50 


60 
62} 
60 
46 

50 

66} 

55 

56} 

50 

62} 

35  to  45 

.10  to  46 
37} 

75 
.">(•)} 


42} 
46 
66} 
60 

40 

3.60  p.d 

63} 

66 

44 

30  to  35 

44} 

33} 

60 
60 


43* 
56} 
46 
40 

43} 

66} 

60 

62} 


I     21 


42 
31 
66 
44 

36 

41} 

63} 


60 

44 

30  to  35 

46  to  60 

38 

60 
60 


a 


62} 
60 


43} 
40 


66} 
60 


37} 
66} 
60 
37} 

31} 

66} 

60 

08} 

40 
62} 

46 


37} 
40 


4^1 


16 

28} 
26 

16 

26 


20} 

26 

20 
26 
16} 

21} 
25 


Gas 
Fittei 


33} 

■36' 

l»t 

26 

26 

31* 
21} 

26 
22' 


20 


40} 
40 
66} 
43}  to 

37} 

43} 


63} 

66 
44 

30  to  a 

30 
26 

80 
60 


37} 
66} 
46 
42} 

31} 

47} 

60 


60 


37} 
40 


66} 
43}  to  61 


NOTE.-New  York,  water  proofers,  34}c, ;  bluestone  eutter-.,  nfic.  ■  hoi!«r  ar.i  nit.^  .-.-..,.....„  .,-„     -  ■,,,^  ,  ,..;^ 

NoTE.-St.  U>u..s  slate  roofers, 62}c. ;  foremen.  87}c.:  composition  nx.fer8, 60.. ;  ^nitoid  finishers.  60c.:  panitoid  U 

"7 


EKTT-KiNt  Cities  of  thr  United  States.    Compiwd  by  E.  M.  Cbaiq.  Chicago,  III..  January,  1904. 


•3 
do 


IS 

28i 
26 

15 

2S 


2»| 
25 


Gas 
Fittwa. 


40i 

40 

56i 

43{to50 

37* 

43f 


63» 


55 
44 

20    30  to  35 
25         30 
161        25 


211 
25 


33i 
■36' 
l»t 
25 
25 

81} 
25' 

22* 


50 
60 


37 


a 

5 


35 

37i 

60 

37}  to  40 

35 

37» 


46 
42f 

31* 

47* 

50 


45 

37* 

36 
25  to  30 
30  to  37* 

28 

40 
37* 


Stone 
Cutters. 


60 


37* 
40 


8«* 
20  43*  to  60 


35 
56* 
41 
40 

35 

•3  to  3. 75 

per  d»y 

«f 

56 

30 

50 

30  to  37* 


30  to  35 
30  to  37* 


46 
43* 


50 

40* 

60 

50  to  56* 

60 

60 


56* 

50 
66* 
40 
45 
50 

62* 
50 


50 
62* 
56 
60 

37* 

62* 

50 

56* 
40 
56* 
50 


50 
46 


60 
45 


Marble 
Cutters. 


60 


37* 
31*  to  40 

31*  to  60 

11.50  to  2.00 
per  day. 


12.50  to  3.00 

per  day. 

35 


40 
65 


Marble 
Setters. 


50 


60 
50 

31*  to  60 

11.50  to  2.00 
i>erday 


9P 


37* 


40 
37* 

30 

35 


13.00  to  4.00 

per  day 

36 


43*  to  46* 
50 


60 
41 
62* 
60 
33* 
3J  * 


20  to  30 
46 


40 
65 


60 
45 


43}  to  46* 
50 


37* 
62* 
66* 
SO 

45 
62* 

60 
66* 


431 

S5 
32* 
25 
35 
26  to  28  22 


£' 


^ 


35 

30andup 
SO 
37* 

36 

25 


'H 


46* 

37* 

32 

25  to  30 

32*  to  40 

1tto 


37*  42* 

37*      40andup 


50 
35 


20  to  30 
45 


36 
60 
35 
37* 

31* 

t3  to  3.50 

pa  day 

42* 

46 
34 
43* 
35 


31* 
35 


66* 

40*  p.  hour 

M  p.  day 

35 

34f 


46* 

31*  to  37* 
36 
30 
35 


REMARKflL 


17  to  20 


37* 
37* 


35 
50 
46 
40 

31* 

47* 

42* 

60 


50 
45 


37* 
37 1 


66* 
40 


30  to  45 
35 


43* 

37*  to  30 


50 
60 
40 

31* 

37* 

50 

62* 

SO 

37*  to  SO 

31* 


60 
30  to  37* 


m 


30 
25  to  30 

28*  to  31* 

20  to  37* 


31*  to  37* 

26 

25 

17  to  26 

3U 

22* 

17*  to  30 
20  to  25 


Slag  Roofers,  28e.  per  hour. 
Planermen,  42*c.  p«  hour. 
Electrical   Helpera,  tl.SO  to 

12.50  per  dur. 
Electrical  Helpers.  15  to  aOc. 

per  hour. 
Electricians  asking  InerBaw 

in  wages   on   Jan.    1,  '04. 

Marble    Setters,  •S.ltO  pet 

day.  9  hrs..  Cutters  lObnT 
Plumbers'  Apprentlcee.  •}  to 

•3  per  day. 

Plasterer's  work,  4  hrs.  Sat. 
Laborers,  tl.28  to  1.76  p.d^. 


25  to  30 

26  to  40* 
30 
36 

18*  to  26 

t3  to  3.50 

per  day. 

35 

42*  to  45 

20 

50 
17*  to  25 


25  to  28 
18*  to  21* 

25  to  28* 
15* to  25 


Plumbers'  J^b<»«T8,  l3.S0to 
2.75  per  day.  Hoisting  En- 
gineers, t4.00  for  0  boun 

WOTk. 

Mason  Laborers,  27  *c.  p.  ta. 
See  note  below. 

Plumbers'  Laborer*.  8Se.  mf 

hour. 
TUe  Setters'  Helpers,  2fe.  par 

hour. 


Electrical  Helper*.  (2  toi«Mr 

day. 
See  note  below.  ' 


Hototing  Engineen  eu.  .„_ 
5«  hours  per  week  for  •». 
Laborers  wwk  10  hours. 

Lathers  and  Paintcn  work 
8  houn  per  day,  an  other 
trades  wcvk  •  hours. 

Electrical  Helpers.  II  to  K 
per  day. 


s.  34*c. ;  cement  maaona,  SSc ;  elevator  constructors  53*c. ;  door  layos,  ST  |e. ;  atone  aetten.  63*c. 
granitoid  laborers.  36c.;  granitoid  frame  setters,  40e.;  (ranitoid  block  men.  40e. 
"7 


After  Majr  1. 180«.QS|» 


^^^''-■. 


^"P-^W^^/J^IWR- 


LlJ  V> 


-""i.v.&- 


AND   CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


1 19 


the  labor  will  cost  two-thirds  of  the  same  amount  to 
do  the  work;  and  the  same  method  may  be  applied  to 
other  trades.  The  figures  must  be  filled  in  to  suit  the 
current  prices. 

The  average  wag<>s  paid,  at  this  writing,  March, 
l'»f|4,  according  to  E.  M.  Craig,  Secretary  of  the 
Huilding  Contractors'  Council,  Chicago,  111.,  in  29 
leading  cities  in  the  United  States,  are  given  in  the 
foregoing  table.  The  rates  given  are  in  cents  per  hour, 
with  a  few  exceptions,  which  are  given  in  days  of  nine 
hours  each. 

This   table  will   aid   materially  in  determining  the 
cost  of  work  in  and  about  the  cities  named. 

In  estimating  by  "rough  quantities."  the  amount  of 
materials  and  workmanship  are  first  ascertained  from 
the  drawings  and  specifications  in  a  broad  an  '  com- 
prehensive manner,  the  work  being  concentrated  as 
much  as  possible,  and  the  whole  dealt  with  as  shown 
in  the  previous  paragraphs  as  this  method,  which  see. 
Estimating    by    the    square      has     been     discussed 
before,  but  it  may  be  briefly  referred  to  again,  as  this 
method   is  quite  common    in  some   localities.      This 
method  is  recommended  by  some  authorities  as  being 
superior  to  cubing,  as  it  gives  a  better  idea  as  to  the 
character  of  work  and  quality  of  materials,  though,  I 
must  confess,  I  do  not  see  where  the  advantages  come 
in,  for  the  expert  "cuber"  must  take  both  those  con- 
ditions into  consideration  when  deciding  on  his  "con- 
stant" for  the  cost  per  foot  cubic  of  the  building  being 
estimated  upon.     In   addition  to  what  has  been  said 
on  this  method,  I  add  the  following:     "The  mode  is 
to  take  the  constructional  shell  only,  pricing  it  at  so 
much     per    square;     walls,    for    instance,    are    taken 
according  to  their  thickness  and  manner  of  finishing, 


120 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


whether  they  be   wood,   brick   or  stone.      This    must 
iiicuide  all  excavating,  concreting,  plastering,  painting 
and  paperhanging.     The  floors  must  inchide  all  joists, 
bridging,   ceilings    and    ornamentations   of   all    kinds. 
The   roofs   include   ail    that    is    reiiuired    to    complete 
them,  as   shown  on   plans  and   described   in   specifica- 
tions, and  are  measured  on  the  slope  of  the  rafter;  and 
all   the  other  work,   partitions,   stairways,   and  every- 
thing in   the  building,  must  be   treated  in  like  manner, 
and  all  reduced  to  S(juares  of  loO  feet  super.     A  price 
is  then  placed  on  each,  and  the  whole  added  together. 
Such  a  system  of  superficial  measurement  certainly  has 
some  advantages,  and  should  be  fairly  satisfactory,  as 
it  takes  into  account  the  materials  and  labor  in  a  fairly 
exact  manner  and  form.     Of  course,  as  before  stated, 
a  special  list  of  prices  must  be  compiled  for  each  set 
of  squares,     the    outside    walls  having  one  price  per 
square,  the  floors  another,  and  so  on  until  the  whole 
of  the  surfaces  have  been  priced  per  square.     It  will 
be  seen  that  care  and  discrimination  are  requisite  for 
estimating    by   this    method     or    serious    errors    will 
occur. 

As  an  example  of  this  method  of  estimating  I 
submit  the  following,  which  is  for  a  balloon  frame 
building  put  up  in  the  usual  manner,  and  for  conven- 
ience a  space  in  the  building  is  taken  for  a  basis  of 
20  X  20  feet,  making  four  squares.  This  basis  may  be 
taken  for  any  portion  of  the  work,  i.  e.,  walls,  roofs, 
floors,  etc.  The  studding  employed  is  2x4  inch, 
sized  on  one  side  and  one  edge.  The  studding  is  placed 
16  inches  from  centers  and  covered  with  dressed  and 
matched  boarding.  Building  paper  is  next  laid  on, 
and  then  first  or  second  clear  siding  is  usj-d.  Plates  are 
included  in  the  cost  and  are  put  on  double  thickness. 


^^i 


T^yfm^ScE^J^MJMS^i 


AND   CONTRACTORS   GUIDE  121 

ANALYSIS   OK   OUTSIDE    WALLS 

19  piopps,  2x4  incli,  •_'()  feet  loiij;^247  feet,  iit 

*-"  [XT  M '1  4  04 

4(H)  feet  dressed  and  iiiatclied  feiiciiiji,  at  §_'."».()()        1 1    (',5 

47')  feet  siding,  at  •?:}() 14  .  25 

J 1  pounds  n." '         r^^^ 

30  j)OUnds  J,  t  2  J  ecu  Is  per  pouml 75 

FraniinK  an.    _  .;;  in  place  247  feet  of  seantlinR, 

at  $S  per  M  1   (,>^ 

Laying  4  stpiares  of  flooring,  at  '>')  cents  per  sipiare  2.00 
Laying  4  s.iuares  of  siding,  at  $1.12*  per  scuiarc.  .  4.50 
Laying  4  s.piares,  at  12J  cents  per  sijuare 5() 

$41.07 

DividinjT  this  sum  by  4  gives  the  price  of  a  single 
square,  Sl(t.-^7. 

The  analysis  of  cost  of  four  S(]uares  of  roofing,  the 
rafters  being  2x4  inch  scantling,  set  2  feet  between 
centers,  covered  with  dressed  and  matched  fencing, 
and  the  best  quality  of  cedar  shingles  laid  4>^  inches  to 
the  weather,  is  as  follows: 

ANALYSIS   OF    ROOF   WORK 
12  scantlings,  2  x  4,  20  feet  long— 150  fe'-t,  at  $20 

l^fM $3.12 

466  matched  (feet)  hoarding,  at  $25  per  M 11 .65 

3i  M.  shingle.s,  at  $3  per  M jq.oO 

10  pounds  nails,  3d go 

14  pounds  nails,  8d  and  lOd 39 

Framing  and  putting  in  place  156  feet  2x4  scant- 
ling, at  $8  per  M j   25 

4  squares  of  roof  hoarding,  at  50  cents  per  square .  .      2 .  00 

4  squares  of  shingling,  at  $1.25  per  square 5.00 

Staging g3 

$34 .  .58 
This  sum  in  turn,  divided  by  4.  gives  as  the  cost  of 
a  shingle  square,  gS  (J4>^. 


122  HODGSON'S  ESTLMATOR 

The  followinfr  is  an  analysis  of  cost  of  four  squares 
of  flooring,  laid  on  joists  i  y  H  inches,  the  flooring 
being  selected  from  No.  1  fencing,  and  the  joists  being 
placed  IC  inches  between  centers.  Allowance  is  made 
for  doubling  where  necessary. 

ANALYSIS   OF   FLOORING 

17  joists,  2.x  S  inche.s,  20  foet  IonK-.1.59  feet,  at 

S20  p«>r  .VI «  ()   I  s 

460  feet  pi  flooriiiR,  at  $.{0  per  .M    .  i',  ny 

5  feet  of  1  X  2  inel.  l.ri.lKinK.  at  2  eer.t.s.  .'  .  .'    '  30 

10  rwuiids  of  S(l  roiiimoii  nails  o 

3  pounds  spikes "' ' 

Laying  4  sguares  of  flooring,  at  50  rents  per  square     2'  00 
!•  ranunK  4.59  feet  of  joists,  at  $.5  per  square  .   '  o  " 

Bndguig ";        * ■  ■  ■■     -  -^ 

$28.frl 
Dividing  this  amount  by  4,  as  in  the  previous  cases, 
gives  S:.18>^  as  the  cost  of  one  square  of  flooring      It 
may  be  remarked  in  this  connection  that  these  figures 
are  based  upon  present  prices  in  Chicago. 

The  following  is  an  analysis  of  the  cost  of  an  inside 
door,  2  feet  8  inches  by  (J  feet  10  inches,  m  inches 
thick,  cased  and  finished  complete  except  the  one 
item  of  painting: 

ANALYSIS   OF   COST   OF   DOOR 

Frame,  2-set  nusing  and  Rtoi)s «o  m 

18  feet  of  nioldiuK,  2i  inches ....    '" '  X^ 

1  threshold,  hardwood  7% 

1  first  quality  door,  size  .a.s  given  alio ve .' ,  .' 1  " 95 

3 J-nich  mortised  lock,  bronze  face,  bolts  and  strikl       ' 

mg  plate „ 

Porcelain  knobs,  plated  roses  and  eseutclieons 40 

1  pair  of  Si  Japan  butts  and  screws .  .  '  '        'o^ 

Setting  frame ^'^ 

Ca,sting  up,  2  sides 2n 

Putting  down  threshold  .  .  ,= 

Molding  1  side " '        ■  ^^ 

Fitting,  hanging  and  trimming  door . . . .' .' ,'  ' ," ,' '    '        '  75 

$7.41 


t^r- 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  123 

The  fDllowing  is  an  analysis  of  cost  of  a  foiir-light 
window,  with  sash  14  x  ;J0  inches,  1^  inches  thick, 
check-rail,  the  window  set,  cased  and  finished  com- 
plete: 

ANALYSIS   OF   COST   OF   WINDOW 

Window  frame  propflred  for  wciglits 12. 15 

Sash  xlazod 2  in 

2()  feet  2jl-iii(h  molding 3q 

25  fcft  iii.sidc  cane  and  window  sill 75 

28  |)oiind.s  of  saali  weights 5g 

Sasli  cords .0 

Grounds  for  plastering  and  putting  on 30 

Setting  frame 2o 

Casting  up 'gg 

Fitting  sash ig 

Nails ,Q 

Sash  locks oc 

_  .iii 

Puttmg  on  sash  locks 10 

17.74 
This  example  gives  the  key  to  the  method  of  esti- 
mating by  the  square,  also  how  to  estimate  the  cost  of 
a  door  or  window  in  place. 

The  prices  given  may  not  be  correct  for  any  other 
place  but  Chicago,  and  even  then  the  prices  may 
differ  in  each  ward;  so  the  estimator  must  in  this,  as 
in  all  other  cases,  be  sure  of  his  prices  before  closing 
his  tender.  I  have  known  the  prices  for  door  and 
wmdow  frames  vary  as  much  as  30  per  cent  in  fac- 
tories not  a  quarter  of  a  mile  apart. 

Later  on  I  will  give  other  examples  of  estimating  by 
analysis. 

ESTIMATING   BY   UNITS   OF   ACCOMMODATION 

This  method  of  estimating  does  very  well  for  certain 
descriptions  o*  buildings,  such  as  churches,  schools, 
prisons,  hospitals,  asylums,  stables,  and  buildings  of  a 


124 


HODGSON'S  KSTI MAJOR 


similar  kind,  l)ut  apart  from  these  it  has  no  val  ic,  and 
its  value  in  the  cases  mentioned  is  not  by  any  means  a 
fij»«d  factor.     The  system  is  based  on  the  known  cost 
of  biiil<linj,'s  which  give  so  much  space  to  each  scholar, 
pali<nt,  sittinjr,  horse,  or  prisoner.     Thus,  if  we  know 
how  much  a  stable  costs  that  was  built  to  accommo- 
date 20  horses,  it  is  a  simple  matter  to  estimate  how 
much  it  cost  per  one  i.orse  space;  for  if  the  building  com- 
plete  cost  S4,()()(),  that  would  give  the  cost  per  horse  at 
S-.JOO.00.      So.   also,   with  schools.     If  we  know  of  a 
school  for   100  children   that  cost  Slo.ooo,  we   know 
thit  each  sitting  cost  5lO(i.oo;    therefore  it  is  reason- 
able to  suppose  that  other  schools,  everything  being 
equal,  will  cost  SlOO  per  sitting.     It  must  not  be  for- 
gotten, iiowever,  that  conditions  aie  not   always  the 
same,  and  while  a  "jumped"  figure  of  this  sort  may  be, 
and   IS  approximate,  it   is  not  always  correct,   for  no 
two  buildings,  even  though  they  are  side  by  side  and 
budt  concurrently,  can  possibly  be  built  at  the  same 
actual  cost.     I  have  seen  the  attempt  made  on  bev._,al 
occasions,  and  the  variations  amounted  to  from  3  to  ly, 
per  cent;  quite  a  large  amount  if  taken  from  the  10  per 
cent  profits  of  the  work. 

On  occasions  when  time  will  not  admit  of  even  a 
sketch  of  the  proposal  being  made,  this  method 
affords  o^entimes  the  only  ready  means  of  ascertain- 
mg  the  approximate  cost.  Similarly,  for  certain 
minor  accessories,  when  the  cost  of  materials  and 
construction  varies  but  slightly  for  units  of  the  same 
class,  as  in  a  range  of  latrines,  etc.,  the  aoproximate 
cost  can  be  easily  determined  m  this  mr.nner  In 
order  to  give  the  reader  some  basis  to  work  on,  I  sub- 
mit a  few  ex.^mples  of  price  for  unit.  whiJ.  are  as 
near  as  possible  average   ones  for  th.  whole  of  the 


'mammrs^^ap^' 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  125 

United  States  and  Canada,  and  while  they  may  not  be 
correct,  they  may  be  depended  upon  as  beiny  approxi. 
mate. 

Cost  of  earli  rootii  in  tenrmcnts from  I3.5()  to  1450 

Cost  of  each  roo.n  in  cottiiKes "       290  "     360 

CoHt  of  path  room  in  ri-sidfiires '<       320  "     420 

Cost  of  each  room  in  vilhw.  etc "       450  "     700 

Cost  fH-r  patient  in  u.sylums '<    j  4(x)  ••  j  g^o 

Cost  for  each  soldier  in  harracks "      '750  •«     qqo 

("ost  of  churches,  plain,  per  sitting.  .  .  "         45  "       qq 
Cost  of  churches,  ornamental,  per  sit- 

*'"K "         68  "     134 

Ccst  of  first-class  stables   per  cow "       I7.5  "     195 

Cost  of  first-cla-ss  stahles,  per  horse.  . .  "       200"     225 

Co.st  of  second-cla.ss  stables,  per  cow.  .  "       120"     135 

Cost  of  .second-cla.ss.stahles,  per  horse.  "       150"     165 

Cost  of  third-class  stahles,  per  cow.  .  .  "         75  "       9,5 
Cost  of  hospitals,  complete,  including 

all  offices,  buildings,  etc.,  per  bed  "    1,500  "2  200 

Cost  of  cottage  hospitals,  per  bed "    1,000  "  l'  200 

Cost  of  general  hospitals,  per  bed    ...  "      '500  "     750 
Cost  of    isolated  hospitaU.  including 
ull  necessary  offices,  buildi-ig.s,  and 

other  conveniences,  per  bed "    1,750  "  o  250 

Cost  of  buildings  put  up  in  a  hurry  for 

temporary  occupation,  per  I.   ad.  "         90  "     lOO 

Cost  of  latrines  for  barracks,  per  seat.  "         75"     loo 
Cost  of  city  and  town  lodging  houses, 

Pfr  *'e<l "       275  "     375 

Cost  of  music  halls  for  cities  and  towns, 

Pfrliead »         ^^  .,     ^^^ 

Cost  of  music  halls  for  small  towns, 

p«'r  head ,,         g^  „       ^^ 

Cost  of  .schools,  complete,  large  cities, 

per  .scholar '     .,         g^  ,,     ^^ 

Cost  of  schools  in  small  lowns  and  vil- 
lages, per  scholar «         40  ,<       go 

Cost  nf  «r-!,ools  ii:  .ountrv  places,  per 

sf''olar ,,         gg  „       ^g 

Schools,  infant  schools,  per  scholar.    .      "         25"       35 


126 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


Cost  of  theaters,  complete,  large  cities 

^      P^  spat 'fron,     .|go  ^^  jjjQ 

Lost  ot  theaters,  small  cities  and  towns, 

per  seat '     <<         4^.  ,<       ^^ 

These  examples  are  given  for  brick  buildings  of 
good  style.  If  the  buildings  are  of  stone,  from  10  to 
20  per  cent  must  be  added,  according  to  the  quality  of 
the  stone  and  amount  of  ornamentation.  There  are 
theaters  in  New  York,  Chicago,  Philadelphia,  and 
other  large  cities,  that  cost  per  seat  50  per  cent  more 
than  I  have  placed  in  the  foregoing  list,  but  these  are 
exceptions  to  the  rule. 

If  the  buildings  are  of  wood,  that  is,  frame  build- 
ings, then  a  deduction  of  from  10  to  15  per  cent  may 
be  made  from  the  figures  given,  which  will  make 
the  figures  approximately  correct.  Theaters  or 
other  buildings,  built  of  bricks  and  stone,  or  of 
bncks,  stone  or  terra  cotta,  cost  more  than  buildings 
built  exclusively  of  bricks,  and  provisions  must  be 
made  for  extra  cost  whenever  this  condition  exists, 
and  much  is  necessarily  left  to  the  judgment  of  the 
estimator  m  determining  the  extra  asse.-sment. 

ESTIMATING   BY   CUBING 

This  method,  while  far  from  being  exact,  is,  in  my 
opinion,  a  more  correct  method  than  either  of  the 
others  presented.  At  the  same  time  the  expert  esti- 
mator will  frequently  change  his  constants  to  suit 
varying  conditions. 

The  following  list  of  the  cost  per  cubic  foot,  of 
buildings  named,  which  was  prepared  by  Mr  Kidder 
several  years  ago,  and  published  in  The  American 
Architect,  may  be  of  some  assistance  to  those  who  desire 
to  know  the  cost  of  similar  buildings.  I  may  say 
however,  that  it  would  be  safe  to  add  at  this  time  at 
least  10  per  cent  on  the  bulk,  as  the  prices  of  labor  and 


ms^?m 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  127 

material  have  advanced  sufficiently  to  warrant  that  ad- 
dition during  ♦hi'  ^i^~>  five  years. 

I  have  add  c.  10  Mr.  Ki.-  er's  list  a  few  others,  but 
as  I  have  bee  .  j  -.able  to  g..t  the  most  prominent  build- 
ings that  hav  -,•  on  crect^-d  within  the  last  few  years, 
this  table  is  not  complete  up  to  date,  so  far,  at  leasti 
as  the  cost  per  cubic  foot  of  the  more  recent  buildings 
is  not  included. 

TABLE   SHOWING   DATE   OF    CONSTRUCTION    AND   COST   PER 

CUUIC    FOOT 


Date 


1882 
1883 
18S;? 

18.S4 
18S4 
I880 
1887 
1887 
188S 
188!) 
1891 

1891 

1891 


Cubic 
contents 


1879CVntral    Mu.sic    Hall,    Haiidolpli    and 

State  Sts 

1881  Horden    iilock,  Offices,   Itandolpli  and 

Doarhorn  Sts 

,00,  I!"""""''  "^  '^'  '^""^«'  F"Pt'y.  Superior' St 
icoolJ  '■".V""""'!>  ,*  '^""^'"  '■"••*'■''>'.  Huron  St.. 
188J  L.  Kosenfeld,  Store.s  and  Flats,  Wasli- 

nigton  and  Hal.sted  Sts 

Hammond  Lihrarv,  A.shland  Ave 
\\  riglit  &  r.awtlier,  Oil-miU,  Polk  St. 
H.  Knisely,  Stores  and  Flats,  MadisonSt 
.•\.  Knisely,  Factory,  West  Monroe  St.  . 
J.  W.  Scovillc,  Factory,  Desplaines  St. 
^loii  leniple,  Synagogue,  Ogden  Ave 
Auditornim  Huilding,  Congress  St 
Standard  Club-jiou.se,  Michigan  Ave. 
.\.Loeb  &  Hro., Warehouse, Michijian  St 
Jewish  Training  Sdiool,  Judd  St 
A.  Loel,  i<:  Mro.,  Flats,  Randolph  and 

Elizabeth  St.- 

Meyer   Building,    Store,    Franklin   and 

Van  Buren  Sts 

J.  W.  Oakley,  Warehouse,  La  Salle  and 
Michigan  Sts 


Cost  per 
cubic  foot 


1,248,000 

840,000 

1,219,200 

565,(K)0 


14.4  cts 

14.9  " 
5.4  " 
6.2    " 


Schiller  Building,'  Randol|,::  St. 


1891 

189:j|Sto(k  Exchange  Building,^  La  Salle  and 
I      "  iisliinglon  Sts 


88.5,456 

10.7 

18.3, .300 

19.0 

520,000 

6.8 

138,320 

11.2 

1,412,640 

6.1 

697,0(X) 

6.4 

478,400 

7.9 

9,128,744 

.36  0 

916,917 

12.9 

123  ,.300 

12.9 

447,854 

10.0 

499,531 

2,099,700 

1,390,313 
2,433,440 

3,493  ,.500 


10.4 

9.6 

6.9 
30.8 

33.2 


Note:    '  Sometimes  called  the  German   Theatre,   17  stories 
skoleton  construction,  faced  with  terra-cotta.     Rich  marble  work' 
In^^atre  o.cwpir,.  about  4  >iories.     Office.s  above.     '  13  stories,  flat 
root,  skeleton  construction,  rich  terra-cotta   facing. 


128 


1886 


! 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


Cost  per 
cubic  foot 


The  Uookcry   Huililiiif;,  Chicago,  III.,   Rurii- 

liaiii  it  Hoot,  Architects 32  cts. 

Monadnock   Ikiildiug,   Ciiicago,   lUiriiliatii   & 

Root  and  Hollahird  &  Hoche,  Architects  42i  " 
Hialto  Huihliiig,  Chicago,  Burnliain  &  l{oot. 

Architects  27  " 

Masonic  Temple,  Ciiicago,  Huridiani  &  Root, 

Arcliitects  58  " 

Chamber  of  Commerce  Huihiing,  Hoston,  Mass  29  " 
New  I-^nghind  I-if(>  Insurance  IJuilding,  Boston, 

Mass 60  " 

Tiie  Hemmenway  Building,  Boston,  Mass.  .  .  43  " 

Ten  Story  Office  liuilding.  New  York  City.  .  60  " 

lioard  of  Trade  Building,  Montreal 20  " 

Ten  Story  Office  Building,  Xew  York  City.  .  .  50  " 

Seven  Story  Office  Building,  New  York  City.  37  " 

Six  Story  Office  Building,  New  York  City.  .  .  26  " 

A  similar  building,  one  front 24  " 

Two  Four  Story  Office  Buildings,  one  front, 

New  York  City 47  " 

Herald  liuilding.  New  York  City 46  " 

ChamIxT  of  Commerce,  (  mcinnati 26  " 

Wainwrigiit  Building,  St.  Louis,  Mo 24 J  " 

Union  Trust  Building,  St.  Louis,  Mo 27 J  " 

E(iuitat)Ie    Life   Insurance  Building,  Denver, 

Colo 42  " 

Ernst  it  Cramer  Building,  Denver,  Colo 17  " 

Ma.sonic  Temple,  Denver,  Colo 19  " 

Crocker  Building,  San  Francisco,  Cal 63  " 

Kndicott  Buikling,  St.  Paul,  Miim 29  " 

Four  Story  Office  Building,  Rhode  Island.  .  .  38  " 

Three  Story  Office  Building,  Cotmecticut..  .  .  50  " 

Tliree  Story  Block,  Denver,  Colo 8J  " 

Fourteen  Story  Hotel,  New  York  City 44  " 

Brown-Palace  Hotel,  Denver,  Colo 30  " 

Denver  Athletic  Club  liuilding,  Denver,  Colo.  18  " 

I)eri\-er  Clul)  Building,  Denver,  Colo 24  " 

Public  Library,  New  London,  Comi 36J  " 

How.Mnl  Meinoria!  Librarv.  New  Orlean.s.  ...  44  " 

Public  Library,  Toronto,  Out 22  " 


>\'W^mnmjff%  •' 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  ug 

Fire-Proof  Hospital  Ruilding,  Xew  York 40  ots. 

Six  Story  Ho.spitiil  Huildiiig,  Xcw  York 32     " 

Hill  Thcf  Vfrical  ScMiiiiiary,  St.  Paul,  Minn.  .  .      11     " 

Wiiifratc  1.  ill,  St;     .  CoIloRc,  Owiio,  Me 10     " 

Graniniar  Scliool  miildiii-:,  Denver,  Colo.  ...        <»J  " 
Grace  M.  K.  Clnireli,  Caiiilirid^report,  Ma.ss.  .        SJ  " 

riirist  M.  K.  Clmreli,  Denver,  ("olo 20     " 

City  DwelliiiKs  (of  brick)  in  Chicajro 17  to  20     " 

City  Dwellings  (of  wood),  Kasteni  towns.  ...      11      " 
P'irst-class  Stone  Homes  in  Denver,  Colo.  ...      27     " 

Brick  Houses,  Mo(icrn  Improvements M     " 

Cheap  Prick  Hou.ses,  S-roomed,  almut 10     " 

Cheap  Wooden  Houses,  ,S-roonied,  ahout ....        7J  " 

"Veneered"  Houses,  Two-story S     " 

RoUKh-cast  Cottages,  First  Class fij  " 

RouRh-cast  Cottasres,  Second  Class 5|  " 

RouKh  Wooden  Sheds,  Parns,  Stables,  etc.  3}  to  5  " 
From  the  foregoing  table  the  average  cost  of  build- 
ings of  any  description  may  be  approximately  deter- 
mined. The  highest  figures  shown  are  those  for  the 
Crocker  building  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  the  cost  per 
cubic  ft  :.t  being  (i:5  cents;  the  lowest  amounts  given 
being  for  rough  wooden  sheds,  barns,  etc.,  which  are 
put  down  at  from  ;5>^  to  5  cents  per  cubic  foot.  These 
last  figures  seem  a  little  large  for  the  kind  of  work 
mentioned,  but  they  are  handed  me  by  a  builder  who 
has  had  a  large  e.xperience  in  these  kinds  of  buildings. 
While  the  foregoing  deals  altogether  with  the  cubic 
foot,  the  same  principle  may  be  applied  to  yards  or 
perches  or  any  other  fixed  dimensions,  and  as  an 
example  I  give  herewith  a  table  of  miscellaneous  mat- 
ters that  will  be  found  very  useful  when  estimating: 

TABLE    SHOWING    PRICES  OK  WORK  OF  VARIOUS    KINDS 
Spruce  lumlior  per  U.  in  place  on  roof 

or  floor $25.00 

H.   P.  per  .M.  matched,    nailed  and 

finished  on  roof  or  floor 35  QO 


130 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


5.00 

it 

7.00 

2  00 

il 

5.00 

3.2") 

t< 

5  20 

9.75 

a 

13.00 

7.20  "  10.00 


4  50 

COO 

.28 

.38 

4.00 

7.50 

5.50 

800 

175 

2.25 

.25 

.30 

.50 

.52 

H.  P.  per  M.  matcliod  rafters  and 

joi.st.s  fini.sheil  on  roof  or  floor $30.00 

Slate  roof,  no  hoarding,  per  square,      from  S7.25  to  12  50 

Slag  and  gravel  roof,  no  hoarding.  .  .      " 

Composition   roof,   no  hoarding,  per 
square " 

Wood  sjiingle  roof,  no  hoarding,  per 
square " 

Tin  roof,  with  hoards,  per  square  ....  " 
Corrugated   iron   roof,   no    Ijoarding, 

per  square " 

Steel  stamped  sliingles,  no  hoarding, 

{KT  square " 

Common  hriek  work,  per  cuhie  foot .  .      " 

Puhlie  r  asonry,  per  euhie  yard " 

Conerete,  per  cuhie  yard " 

Cut  stone  pier  caps,  p<>r  cuhie  foot .  .  " 
Piles  driven  in  place,  per  lin.  foot ...  " 
Eartli  excavation,  per  eul)ic  yard.  .  .      " 

Steel  truss  a/ul  column  frame  in  place 48|c.  per  lb 

Steel  beams  in  place  and  secured  in  place 3|r  per  Ih 

Plain  castings  in  Sit ojp'  p^^  Ib^ 

Corrugated  iron  No.  22  gauge,  in  place,  per  super  foot  .07i 

Galvanized  iron  flasliings,  jK-r  square  foot \l' 

Door  frame  and  doors,  finished,  per  square  foot ,52 

Window  frames  and  windows,  per  square  foot .'il 

Sash,  glazed  and  painted,  per  square 

f°°^   from  fO.16  to  $0.2'; 

Gutter  and  conductor  pipes,  per  lin. 

foot   " 

Wood  stairs,  3   feet  wide,  straiglit, 

per  step " 

Iron  stairs,  3  feet  wide,  .straight,  per 

step «< 

Steel  .shutters,  rolling,  per  square  foot.  " 

Louvres,  fixed,  per  square  foot " 

Louvres,  movai)le,  per  square  foot  . .  " 
Sheet   iro!i   doors  and  shutters,   per 

squ.nre  foot " 

Skylights,  J-inch  gla.ss,  per  square  ft.  " 


.25 

ft 

.30 

3.00 

H 

3.25 

7.00 

It 

10.00 

.50 

II 

.55 

.45 

It 

.55 

.70 

it 

.80 

.35 

It 

.45 

.20 


.30 


x^^, 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  131 

Skylights,  white  glass,  per  square  ft.  from  $0.18  to  $0.20 

Pipe  railings,  per  foot  in  length "         .45"        55 

Ventilators,  round,  per  foot  in  length.     "       4..50  "  10.50 
Metal  cornice,  per  lineal  foot "         .12  "        .30 

It  may  be  useful  to  my  readers  to  know  in  a  general 
way  the  cost  per  cubic  foot  of  a  few  buildings  other 
than  those  already  given,  and  to  this  end  the  following 
are  presented: 

Public  abattoirs,  brick,  per  cubic  foot.from  $0.14  to  $0.16 
Small  cottages,  brick,  per  cubic  foot.  "  .13  "  .17 
Country  court  houses,  brick,  per  cubic 

foot <i  22  "        30 

Lunatic  asylun!«!.  including  wards,  etc., 

per  cubic  foot «         .16  "        25 

Farm  barns,  wood,  per  cubic  foot.  ..  "  .04"  .06 
Farm  barns,  brick,  per  cubic  foot ...      "         .07  "       ^08 

Armories,  wood,  per  cubic  foot "         .09  "       .n 

Armories,  brick,  per  cubic  foot "         .n   "        14 

Armories,  stone,  per  cubic  foot "         .ig  "        26 

Public   baths,    complete,    wood,    per 

cubic  foot "  j4  «        .- 

Public  batlis,  complete,  brick,  per  cu- 
bic foot I.-         .16  "        20 

Public  billiard  rooms,  wood,  per  cubic 

f°ot '■         .16  "       .20 

Public  billiard  rooms,  brick,  per  cubic 

foot «         .19  "        24 

Breweries,  including  all  necessary  ma- 
chinery, tubs,  cellarage,  coppers, 
cooler,  pumps,  etc. — 

Wood,  per  cubic  foot "         .12"       .16 

Brick,  per  cubic  foot "         .14"       .is 

Stone,  per  cubic  foot "         .15"        19 

Single  span  bridges,  brick  or  stone, 

per  foot  super '.       5.OO  "  15.00 

Doiil^Ie  .-:■-  more  spans,  brick  or  »tone, 

per  foot  super «     15  00  "  30.OO 

If  m  granite,  per  foot  super "    32.00  "  60  OQ 


132  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

Bungalows    and    summer    cottages, 

wood  per  cubic  foot from  $0.12  to  $0.16 

IJuiigalows    and     sumnu-r    cottages, 

brick,  per  cubic  foot "         .17  "       .19 

Plain   country   cliurche.s,    wood,   per 

cubic  foot "         .09  "       .12 

Plain    cotnitrv   ciiurclies,   brick,   per 

cubic  foot '■         .12  "        15 

Plain   country  ciiurclie.s,   stone,   per 

cul)ic  foot "         .14  "       .17 

Cluirclies  for  cities,  stone,  per  cubic 

foot "         .21    "       .40 

("oach  houses,  brick,  per  cubic  foot.  .  "  .10  "  .12 
Colleges,  first  class,  complete,  brick, 

per  cul)ic  foot "         .20  "       .28 

Colleges,  first  da.ss,  complete,  stone, 

per  cubic  foot "         .25  "       .35 

Colleges,  second  class,  complete,  brick, 

per  ;'ubic  foot "         .ig  "       .22 

Underground  conveniences,  complete, 

per  cui)ic  foot "         .80  "     1.40 

Stable  for  cows,  wood,  per  cui)ic  foot.  "  .08  "  .12 
.Stal)le  for  cows,  brick,  per  cubic  foot.  "  .13  "  ,15 
Stai)le  for  horses  wood,  per  cubic  foot.  "  .10  "  .13 
Stable  for  horses. brick,per  cubic  foot.  "  .14"  .17 
Power  plant  station,  brick,  per  cubic 

foot "         .14  "       .18 

Fire  engine  house,  brick,  per  cubic  ft.     "         .14  "       .17 
Residential  flats,  brick,  per  cul)ic  foot.    "         .28"       .36 
Blacksmith  shop,  brick,  per  cubic  foot     "         .10"       .13 
Cost  of  heating,  including  hot  water, 
boiler,   pipes,   radiators,   valves, 
etc.,  complete  for  each  1,000  feet 
of  cubic  contents — 

Churches qqq 

Hospitals,  and  similar  buildings 16.00 

Factories  and  mills 10.00 

Dwellings,  clubs,  etc 21.00 

These    amounts    include   everything    in    connection 
with  the  heating  except  the  boiler  house. 


from 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


Cost  per  cubic  foot  of  'nouses  built  in 
good  style  of  pressed  brick  fac- 
ings, or  fine  stone,  well  finished 

in  hardwood,  oak,  or  birch 

Brick  buildings,  of  less  pretentions, 

per  cubic  foot 

Brick,  third  class,  per  cubic  foot 

Brick,  fourth  class,  per  cibic  foot.  . . 

Brick,  fifth  class,  per  cubic  foot 

Libraries,  complete  in  brick,  per  cubic 

foot 

Libraries,  complete  in  stone,  per  cu- 
bic foot 

Mortuary  chapels,  complete,  per  cubic 

foot 

Museums  and  similar  buildings,  per 

cubic  foot 

Opera  houses,  first  class,  per  cubic  ft. 
Opera  liou.scs,  second  class,  per  cu.  ft. 
Opera  houses,  third  class,  per  cubic  ft. 
Opera  houses,  fourtli  cla.ss,  per  cu.  ft. 
Prisons,  complete,  including  padded 

cells,  per  cubic  foot 

Cost  per  cubic  foot  for  tearing  down 
old  brick  buildings,  including, 
walls,  cliimneys,  partitions,  tak- 
ing up  floors,  and  removing  win- 
dow and  door  frames,  sashes, 
doors  ami  finishings,  moving 
away  debris,  cleaning  site  and 
old  materials  and  stacking  up 
brick,  joists,  frames,  lumber,  etc. 
The  wliole  cubic  contents  of 
building  to  be  measured  from 
bottom  of   footings  to  half-way 

up  roof,  per  cubic  foot 

Frame  skating  rinks,  per  cubic  foot. . 
Brick  skating  rinks,  per  cubic  foot. 
Riding  .schools,  wit'!  fr.-vck,  per  cu.  ft. 
Sheds,  rough,  in  wood,  per  cubic  fc^t. 
Sheds,  rough,  in  brick,  per  cu'.jic  foot. 


133 


$0.30  to  $0.41 

.27  " 

.38 

.20  " 

.30 

.15  " 

.25 

.12  " 

.21 

.17  " 

.25 

.19  " 

.30 

.25  " 

.33 

.23  " 

.34 

.30  " 

.40 

.25  " 

.35 

.22  " 

.32 

.20  " 

.28 

.18 


.20 


.01   " 

.01  i 

.09  " 

.12 

.10  " 

.13 

.13  '■■■ 

.13 

.05  " 

.08 

.08  " 

.10 

134  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

Shodti,  roiipli,  ill  iron  p<T  rul>ir  foot .  from  10.00  io  $0.12 
Stores,  dry  poods,  wood,  per  ciii.ic  foot  "  .13"  .15 
Stores,  dry  poods,  hrii-k,  per  (Millie  foot     "'  .1')     '        .17 

Stores,   dry   goods,    first-class   fiiiisii, 

hriek,  per  eiitiie  foot "         .20  "       .28 

Stores,  dry  poods,  .seeoiid-cla.ss  fiiiisli, 

tirick,  per  cuiiie  foot "         AS  "       .24 

Stores,  dry  poods,  tliird-elass  finisli, 

i)riek,  per  eul)ie  foot "         .hi  "       .20 

Stores,  proeeries,  wood,  pood  fiiiisii, 

per  eiii)ie  foot "         .14  "       .16 

Stores,   proeeries,    hriek,   fine   finish, 

per  eiiliie  foot "         .16  "       .13 

Stores,  proeeries,  iiriek,  first-ela.ss  fin- 
isli, per  euhie  foot "         .18  "       .22 

Country  or  town   halls,   in  hriek  or 

stone,  well  finislied,  ehi.ssie  .stj-lo, 

with  all  neeessary  api)oiiitiTients 

and  fittinps,  niarlile  wainseot  and 

other  eorre- pondinp  finisli  inside 

and  out,  per  culiie  foot "  .32  "       .40 

For  eountry,  per  cubic  foot "         .30  "       .,38 

For  cities,  per  cubic  foot "         .36  "       .42 

For  states,  per  cubic  foot "         .45  "       .55 

For  states,  with  towers,  per  cubic  foot.  "  .46"  .57 
Water  towers,  brick,  per  cubic  foot.  .      "  .16"       .20 

Water  towers,  iron,  per  cubic  foot.  .  .  "  .17  "  .20 
Water  towers,  stone,  per  cubic  foot.  .  "  Si  '  .22 
Model  cottapcs,  stone  dressing,  brick, 

per  cubic  foot "         .13  "       .16 

Model  cottapes,  stone  dre.ssinp,  sec- 
ond class,  per  cubic  foot "         .12  "       .14 

City  fljits,  brick,  per  cubic  foot "         .28  "       .30 

City  flats,  stone,  per  cubic  foot "         .30  "       .32 

City  flats,  stoM"  and  brick,  per  cubic  ft  •<  .29"  .31 
Street  arches  for  gala  days,  if  of  rough 

wood,  covered  with  bunting, 
mottoes,  evergreens,  and  similar 
uiaienal:-.,  and  are  only  tempo- 
rary, per  cubic  foot "         .04  "       .08 


MJ 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  135 

Better-rlass   arclics,    plastered,   etc., 

IHT  luhif  foot from  $0.07  to  J0.I2 

If  made  witli  .stalT  and  moulded,  and 

liave  .statuary,  per  cuhic  foot.  .  .  "  .10"  .25 
Permanent  arche.s,  in  stone,  per  eu.  ft.  "  .55"  1.00 
Permanent  arclies,  first  cla.ss,  in  niar- 

Ijl'',  per  c'lbie  foot "       j.os  "     3  00 

City  parks  -exelu.sive  of  land— walks, 
drives,  lakes,  buildings,  roads, 
pates,  walls,  rustic  bridges,  and 
other  tliiiiRs  in  eonneetion  with 
well-appointed  parks,  per  acre— 

^'''■'^' '•''»''s «3,000.00 

Second  class 2,500.00 

"TI'i^J  '''"s-s 1,800.00 

Fourth  class 1,000.00 

^^'f^''  '•1"'*'^ 600.00 

Parks  in  country  towns,  or  large  villages  where 
exiiibition  buildlnRs,  offices,  and  stables 
are  kept,  in  conjunction  with  a  race-course, 
and  the  area  not  less  than  twenty-five  acres! 
the  total  cost  of  artificial  work,  including 
rough  buildings,  siiould  not  be  more  than, 

P^"'"  "'•'■« .'  $575.00 

Cost  of  ex!ul)ition  buildings,  of  wood. 

First  cla.ss,  per  cubic  foot .'from  $0.09  to  $0.11 

Secoi.       lass,  per  cubic  foot ...  .      "  .06  "       .09 

Thin!  cla.ss,  per  cubic  foot "  .05  "        07 

Fourth  class,  per  cubic  foot. .. .      "  .04"       .06 

Fifth  class,  per  cubic  foot "  .03  "        05 

Exhibition     buildings     for     pigeons, 
cows,  horses,  sheep,  poultry,  etc. 

First  class,  wood,  per  cu.  ft.  .from  $0.08  to  $0.10 

Second  class,  wood,  per  cu.ft     "  .07"       .09 

Third  cla.ss,  wood,  per  cu.  ft.     "  .06  "       .08 

Fourth  class, wood,  per  cu.ft.     "  .05  "       .07 

Fifth  class,  wood,  per  cu.  ft.     "  .03  "       .05 

These  items  cover  most  of  the  ground  for  ciibing 
and  are  taken  from  the  best  authorities  on  the  subject 


136 


HODGSON'S  KSTIMATOR 


and  from  actii.il  cxiujriiiiici-,  and  arc  (jiiitf  sufficient 
for  the  ordinary  purposes  of  the  estimator  who  is  likely 
to  purchase  this  hook. 

As   I    have   stated   before,  thtf  cube  rate  cannot  be 
relied  upon  for  work  of  exceptional  elaboration.     The 
cubes  f,'enerally  published  are  intended  to  apply  chiefly 
to   buildin},'s    of    a    plain    character    in    their    several 
classes,  and   it  would   be  of  value  if  this  circumsta  ice 
were    taken    into    account    ii.     fixini;    upon    the    rate. 
Precision  can,  however,  only  be  attained  by  a  general- 
ization from  extensive  experience.     The  rates  must  be 
taken  as  general  guides  in  forming  an  estimate  of  cost, 
and  in  ail  cases  the  experience  of  the  expert  estimator 
can  alone  give  value   to  the  system.     There  can  be  no 
comparison   between   a   largt-  block  of  stores  and   an 
elaborate!      'Ued  up  hotel.     The  one  is  comparatively 
simple  to  .       other;  the  decoration   to  the  hotels  in  an 
avenue  would   alone   increase  the  cost   per  cubic  foot. 
The  materials   may  be  the  same,  brick  or  stone,  with 
the  same  kintls  (A  materials  for  finish,  but  tht;  cost  of 
labor,  sizes  of  rooms,  difference  in  walls,  in  heating, 
in  plumbing,  etc.,  would  make  a  vast  difference  in  the 
cost  per  foot,  as  an  authority  says  on   this  subject:  "I 
think  the  probabilities  are  that  the  cubing  of  a  building 
100  feet  high  would  be  higher  than   that  of  a  building 
50  feet  high.     It  altogether  must  depend  upon  whether 
the  larger  building  and  the  higher  building  has  rooms 
of  nearly  the   same  size  as  the  smaller  building.      No 
doubt  the  higher  building  would  require  thicker  walls, 
but    immediately  you  get    away   from    comparatively 
small    rooms   into  very   large   cubic   spaces,    then   the 
difference  in  price  is  not  great." 

In  fewer   words   we  may  say  that  the  cost  per   foot 
cube  of  a  building  depends  mainly  upon  the  divisional 


m 


;-V:. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  (.UIDK 


'37 


internal  walls  ami  floors;  the  more  numerous  the  rooms 

int(j  which   the  sp.,.j  is  divided,  the  (,'reatei  the  cost. 

Height  is  certainly  a  factor  of  cost,  as  a  hi^h  building 

re(|iiires  thicker  walls;    scaffoldinjr  and   labor  become 

expensive.      Hut   if  we  take  two   buildinjjs,  one    twice 

the    superficial    area    of    the    other,    but    of   the    same 

heit,^ht,  the  difference  per  foot  would  entirely  depend 

on  the  interior  division  and  elaboration  of  plan.      Hut 

to  say  that  the  cubinjr  of  a  bifrfr,.r  and  hifrher  buildini,' 

is/ww/^/  higher  than  for  a  smaller  and   lower  one  is 

a  proposition  that  does  not  always  hok'       It  is  so  only 

when  the  rooms  are  about  the  same  dimensions  in  both 

cases.     It   would,    for   instance,    be  absurd   to  cube  a 

large  public  hall  with  the  usu.J  rooms  at  a  higher  ratio 

than  a  small  villa  residence,  because  it  was  larger  or 

higher.     In  plain  English,  the  greati-r  internal   space 

and  vacuities  the  less  charge  must  be  placed  on.  the 

cube  foot. 

With  regard  to  ornamental  facades  of  wrought 
stone,  a  considerable  addition  per  foot  must  In  made 
upon  the  cost  of  a  plain  brick  front.  To  cube  both  at 
the  same  figure  would  !)e  wrong. 

It  may  be  asked,  then,  would  any  successful  builder 
take  a  contract  on  the  figures  derived  from  cubing? 
We  may  answer  that  :ia!f  (he  estimates  now  made  by 
architects,  in  their  private  and  public  cai)acities,  are 
made  by  cubing,  and  that  contractors  are  to  bo  found 
who  would  willingly  take  the  risk  of  carrying  out  work 
m  that  manner.  The  two  most  perilous  rf>ck5  upon 
which  the  cuber  comes  to  grief  are  those  of  taking  a 
figure  without  the  verification  of  experience,  and  not 
making  any  allowance  for  internal  elaboration  of  nian 
and  decoration. 


'3S 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


i;sriMAriN(;  nv  dictaii.  iji'antitiks 
Wc  now  come  to  the  only  iintliod  on  which  the 
small  contractor  can  di-pcnd,  and  which  is  always 
reliable  if  the  estimator  only  docs  his  dutv  proj.erly 
and  refrains  from  "jimii)in^,'"  at  th.'  prices,  a  trick 
many  estimators  tniploy  to  evade  a  little  work  in 
fit^'.irinjr. 

I  have  },'i\i-'".  in  th(;  first  i)a;^a:s  of  this  work,  a 
detailed  nujthod  ot  estimatinj,'  for  e.\cavatin)^^  ditch- 
ing, rouj,di  walling,  concretin!,^,  and  other  like  m  itters, 
to  which  the  reader  is  referred  when  he  is  calleil  upon 
to  estimate  on  such  work,  so  I  will  now  make  a  depart- 
ure and  reproduce  a  system,  corncted  and  brou^dit  up 
to  date,  which  I  published  in  Tlic  Ihdhkr  niul  Wood, 
worker  ui  New  York,  in  February,  isrit,  and  which,  in 
my  opinion,  has  never  been  improved.  The  system 
was  quite  popular  and  many  thousanti  copies  of  it  h.ive 
been  sold.  Insurance  ai)praisers  and  others  have 
made  it  a  "text-book"  to  some  I'xti'nt,  and  used  it 
with  the  adjustment  of  prices,  of  course,  to  suit  the 
time  and  locality. 

The  list  of  items  given  in  former  pages  must  be  fol- 
lowed, but  there  will  be  many  others  that  will  crop  up 
which  the  estimator  must  provide  for  when  preparing 
his  tender,  and  these  he  should  make  a  note  of  for  future 
reference.  It  would  be  well  to  copy  the  items  1  havi 
given  in  a  good-sized  book,  leaving  a  j;enerous  margin 
for  any  remarks  or  notes  it  may  be  necessary  to  make, 
and  new  items  should  be  entered  as  they  appear. 

We  will  suppose  the  buildin..  to  i)e  figured  on  is  to 
be  a  balloon  frame:  the  total  cost  of  it  can  be  closely 
calculatetl  when  t  ■  jirici  of  material  and  wages  per 
daj-  or  hour  are  knuwu. 

First,    mark  on   the  plan,    in  plain   figures,   all   the 


-.»•.- 


't„„?lV 


PP 


AND   CUNTRACTUKS   GUIUK 


"39 


(limonsions  and  nu-asiinnicnts  in  tht-  building  on  which 
><>u  arc  to  estimate.  Next,  get  the  lintal  mcasiirc- 
m<nt  of  all  the  sills,  and  from  their  si/e  estimate  the 
n  ruber  of  feet,  board  measure.  Retain  the  lineal 
uKasurenunt,  as  from  that  the  labor  amount  is  esti- 
mated. The  l.ibor  on  the  sills  maybe  summed  up  to 
three  kinds:  First,  framing'  without  gains  for  joists  or 
mortises,  for  studding  .s  in  common  building  when 
the  studding  is  spiked  to  the  sills  antl  the  joists  rest  on 
their  top.  Second,  with  mortises  for  studding,  gains 
for  joists,  or  studding  without  mortises.  Third,  with 
l)oth  mort'  r«  and  gains. 

Sills,  »;  S,  framed  and  placed  i'  ">-■  building  by  the 
first,  second  and   third    |)rocesses,  cost   for   labor 

about  ;!,  5  and  7  cents  per  lineal  foot.  Sills,  1'^  x  16, 
double  above  prices.  The  intermediate  sizes  can  be 
approximated  from  the  al)ove  figures. 

Joists  are  ordinarily  placed  Ki  inches  from  center  to 
center,  and  when  so  placed  the  number  of  joists  on  a 
given  floor  can  be  found  by  taking  J  of  the  length  of 
the  building  and  adding  one  joist  where  they  are 
placed  on  top  of  the  sill,  and  deducting  one  where  the 
end  sills  are  used  in  place  of  joist.  First  floor  joists 
usually  are  i  x  8  to  -^  x  14.  Second  floor  'i  x  8  to  2  x  12. 
f\:iling  joists,  where  no  floor  rests  thereon,  are  2x0 
to  2  X  8. 

Two  men  will  frame  and  place  in  a  wood  building, 
not  exceeding  three  stories,  000  lineal  feet  of  joists, 
in  size  from  2  >  tl  to  2  x  U  stuff,  in  one  day  of  8  hours. 

In  brick  buildings  not  exceeding  tjjree  stories, 
including  anchoring  and  leveling  up,  400  feet.  Fourth 
story  work,  ;!50.  and  fifth  story,  275  lineal  feet. 

The  cost  per  lineal  foot  can  be  had  from  the  above 
figures. 


140 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


When  joists  are  doubled  under  chimneys  or  parti- 
tions, the  number  of  joists  so  used  must  be  added  to 
the  result  above  named. 

In  balloon  frames  no  braces  are  used.  In  timber 
frames  they  are  made  as  follows: 

1st.   Cut  off  plain,  spiked  in,  or  "flat  foot." 

2d.  With  short  tenons,  and  :kl,  with  long  tenons  and 
pinned.  Braces  vary  in  size  from  4x4  to  (I  x  C.  The 
cost  of  labor  will  not  vary  on  account  of  difference  in 
size.  The  first  pieces  will  cost  2  cents,  the  second  ;J.} 
cents,  and  the  third  4^  cents  per  lineal  foot,  framed 
and  placed  in  the  building. 

The  plates  in  a  balloon  frame  are  made  of  scantling 
of  the  same  size  as  the  studding,  and  are  worth  to 
get  out  and  spike  to  the  frame  1^  cents  per  lineal 
foot. 

In  timber  frames  the  labor  on  plates  is:  (1)  framing 
without  braces  or  gains  for  rafters;  (2)  framing  with 
braces  and  no  gains  for  rafters;  (:})  framing  with  both 
braces  and  gains.  An  average  price  for  labor  on 
plates  in  sizes  from  4  x  G  to  (!  x  10  would  be:  first 
process,  2^  cents;  second  process,  5  cents;  third 
process,  7  cents  per  lineal  foot.  From  8  x  12  to  12  x  l(j, 
respectively,  4.  0  and  0  cents  per  lineal  foot.  This 
includes  placing  them  in  the  building.  Plates  laid  on 
walls  are  worth  the  same  as  plates  spiked  on  the 
joists. 

Posts  in  balloon  frames  are  merely  double-studding. 
The  cost  of  placing  them  in  position  is  the  same  as  for 

studding. 

Posts  for  timber  frames  are  framed,  first,  with  tenon 
top  and  bottom;  second,  the  same,  with  one  set  of 
braces  with  girth  or  beam  mortises;  and  third,  the 
same,  with  two  sets  of  girth  or  beam  mortises. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


141 


By  the  first  process  posts  from  4  x  G  to  8  x  10  would 
cost  4  ents.  Second  process,  (»,  and  the  third  proc- 
ess, 0  Cents  per  lineal  foot  to  frame  and  place  in  the 
building. 

Studding  for  balloon  frames  is  usually  placed  16 
inches  from  center  to  center.  They  vary  in  size 
from  2  X  4  to  2  X  G.  Occasionally  odd  sizes  are  used, 
as  -i^xi,  2x5,  or  3x4.  In  an  ordinary  size 
frame  building  two  men  will  lay  out  and  raise  S(io 
lineal  feet  of  2  x  4  studding  per  day,  or  750  feet  of 
2x  0. 

At  S3  per  day,  the  first  would  cost  77  cents  per  100 
lineal  feet.  The  latter,  86  cents.  The  labor  of  spik- 
ing of  joists  and  plates  being  considered  under  their 
respective  heads,  the  work  on  studding  is  simply  con 
fined  to  tenoning  and  studding  on  end,  or  spiking  them 
to  the  sills. 

A  short  rule  for  getting  the  number  of  pieces  of  out- 
side studding,  including  plates,  and  allowing  for 
doubling  at  all  corners,  and  for  windows  and  doors,  is 
simply  had  by  allowing  one  piece  of  studding  for 
every  foot  of  outside  measurement. 

This  rule  for  buildings  having  many  angles,  where 
studding  must  be  doubled,  appro.\imates  very  closely 
to  the  true  result.  In  smaller  buildings,  without  any 
angles,  it  will  somewhat  overrun. 

The  exact  number  of  pieces  of  studding  on  the  out- 
side of  building  may  be  found  by  taking  three-fourths 
of  the  number  of  feet  in  the  outside  measurement  of 
the  building;  add  one  stud  for  each  corner  and  angle, 
and  one  for  each  door  and  window.  To  this  add  for 
plate  and  gable  studding. 

Three-fourths  of  the  number  of  lineal  feet  of  all 
partitions  will  give  the   number  of   pieces  required. 


142 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


II 


Their  length,  of  course,  depends  upon  the  height  of 
the  rooms. 

The  cost  of  labor  is  the  same  as  for  outside  stud- 
ding. 

It  frequently  happens  that  the  studding  is  not  double 
for  doors  and  windows,  and  occasionally  th-  extra  stud 
for  the  corners  in  omitted. 

Ribs  for  studding  are  usually  made  from  1  to  U  inch 
stuff,  and  will  cost  to  lay  out  and  nail  to  the  studding 
about  1  cent  per  lineal  foot.  The  purpose  for  these  is 
to  support  the  upper  joist. 

Three-fourths  of  the  .width  of  the  building,  less  one, 
gives  the  number  of  pieces  required  for  gable;  the 
average  length  of  each  piece  is  the  distance  from  the 
plate  to  the  ridge  of  the  roof,  or  what  is  termed  the 
rise  of  the  rafter. 

Rafters  are  desii,'nated  as  main  or  principal  rafters, 
hip,  jack,  and  valley  rafters,  and  plain  rafters. 

The  long  rafters  of  a  hip  roof  are  called  the  main  or 
principal  rafters. 

The  shorter  ones  are  called  jack  rafters. 

A  plain  rafter  is  the  ordinary  rafter  used  in  straight 
gable  roofs. 

The  projection  of  a  rafter  is  the  distance  it  extends 
beyond  ^he  plate,  or  the  length  of  the  look-outs. 

The  rise  of  a  rafter  is  the  height  on  a  perpendicular 
line  from  the  plate  to  the  ridge  of  the  roof. 

The  gam  of  a  rafter  is  the  difference  between  the 
run  and  its  length. 

The  run  of  a  rafter  is  the  distance  from  the  outer 
edge  of  the  plate  to  a  point  immediately  under  the 
ridge  of  the  roof,  or  one-half  the  width  of  the  build- 
ing. 

For  a  common  rafter,  to  the  square  of  the  rise,  add 


3&^'£>f 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  143 

the  square  of  the  run.  The  square  root  of  their  sum  is 
the  length  of  the  rafter  from  the  outer  edge  of  the 
plate  to  the  ridge  of  the  roof. 

The  rise  of  a  rafter  is  found  by  multiplying  the  num- 
ber of  inches  rise  required  by  the  run  by  one-half  the 
width  of  the  building. 

The  rise  in  one-quarter  pitch  is  one-quarter  the  width 
of  the  building.  In  a  one-third  pitch,  one-third  the 
width  of  the  building.  In  a  one-half  pitch,  one-half 
the  width  of  the  building,  etc. 

A  common  rafter  can  also  be  found  as  follows: 
If  the  roof  is  one-quarter  pitch,  to  the  square  of  one- 
quarter  of  the  width  of  the  building  ad^'  the  square  of 
one-half  the  width  of  the  building.  The  square  root 
of  the  sum  will  be  the  length  of  rafter  required.  If  a 
roof  IS  one-third  pitch  square,  one-third  of  the  width 
of  the  building.  If  one-half  pitch  square,  one-half  the 
width,  etc.,  and  then  proceed  with  the  balance  of  the 
rule. 

Required  the  length  of  rafters  for  a  building  24  feet 
wide,  gable  roof,  and  one-quarter  pitch. 

One-fourth  of  U  equals  (J;  a  of  24  is  12.  Squaring 
both  gives  .30  and  144,  or  180;  (he  square  root  of  which 
IS  1.1.416  feet,  or  length    i  rafter  required. 

Rule  for  estimating  ti  e  length  of  rafters  for  hip 
roofs  where  they  are  of  equal  lengths: 

Get  the  length  of  the  main  rafter  by  using  the  rule 
for  common  rafters.  Then  divide  the  length  of  the 
mam  rafter  into  one  more  space  than  the  number  of 
rafters  required.  The  length  of  the  space  is  the  length 
of  the  shortest  jack  rafter,  and  the  length  cf  each 
studding  rafter  is  simply  the  space  added  to  the  length 
uf  the  preceding  une. 
Examfile.-Ua\n  rafter,   24  feet.     Number  of   jack 


•  ( 


144 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


rafters  required,  7.  Hence  the  number  of  spaces  would 
be  7  +  1,  or  8.  Dividinfj  24  by  8  gives  3  feet  as  the 
length  of  the  shortest  rafter.  The  next  would  be  C 
feet,  then  9  feet,  l"^  feet,  IT)  feet.  18  feet,  21  feet,  and 
then  comes  24,  or  the  main  rafter. 

Common  rafters  on  shingle  roof  are  placed  from  IG 
to  24  inches  from  center  to  center,  according  to  the 
length  arid  weight  of  roof  required;  generally  2  feet  is 
the  distance. 

The  number  of  rafters  in  a  plain  gable  roof  is  found 
by  dividing  the  length  of  the  building  by  the  distance 
the  rafters  are  apart  from  center  to  center,  to  which 
add  1;  the  result  is  the  number  oi pairs  of  rafters. 

Cost  of  Framing  Eafters.— Two  men  in  one  day  will 
frame  and  place  in  the  building  GOO  lineal  feet  of  2  x  4 
or  2  X  6  rafters— roof,  plain  gable. 

In  a  hip  roof,  including  framing  for  deck,  if  any,  250 
feet  is  a  fair  day's  work. 

The  former  would  cost  75  cents  per  100  lineal  feet, 
.Mid  the  latter  SI. 75  per  100  lineal  feet. 

The  contract  price  for  framing  one  and  a  half,  two, 
i;ul  two  and  a  half  story  houses,  in  many  of  the  West- 
ern states,  averages  85  cents  per  100  lineal  feet  of  all 
Ihe  bill  timber. 

In  all  the  framing  labor  ♦hus  considered,  reference 
is  had  to  soft  wood  only.  If  hard  wood  is  used  a  fair 
-iddition  to  the  prices  would  be  ;}n  per  cent. 

If  any  of  the  work  is  circular,  segment  or  octagonal, 
an  addition  must  also  be  made,  varying  from  two  to 
four  times  the  prices  herein  charged. 

Lookouts  for  Hip  Roofs.— An  average  length  would  be 
20  inches.  These  are  made  of  inch  stuff  and  nailed  to 
the  rafters.  They  arc  worth,  to  get  out,  furnish  mate- 
rial and  place  in  position,  22  cents  each. 


i-nfflr 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


M5 


The  siding  to  a  building  is  either  drop  siding,  lap 


siding,  dressed  barn  boards,  or  rough  barn  board; 

The  number  of  feet  of  drop  or  lap  siding  is  found 
multiplying  the  outsirle  measurement  of  the  build 


by 
ing 


by  the  height  of  the  posts,  to  which  add  for  gables,  if 
roof  is  a  gable  roof,  the  product  of  the  .vidth  of  the 
building  by  the  height  from  the  plate  to  the  ridge  of 
the  roof      This  gives  the  number  of  surface  feet,  to 


which   add   one-fifth   for   I 


number  of  feet  board  measure 


apping,   and  you    have    the 


T 


wo  men  w 


ill 


put  on  TOO  feet  in  one  day  of  drop 
Sibling  when  the  window-casings  and  corner-boards  are 
placed  over  the  siding.  Where  joints  are  made 
against  casings  and  corner-boards,  400  to  500  feet  is  a 
day's  work. 

Of  lap  siding,  OoO  feet.  This  includes  putting  up 
staging.  Making  the  prices  per  square:  Drop  siding 
by  the  first  method,  SO  cents;  second  method,  $1.20  to 
SI. 50.     Lap  siding,  !i.5  cents. 

Two  men  will  put  on  2,()(i()  feet  of  rough  barn  boards, 
or  1,500  feet  of  surfaced  barn  boards  in  one  day,  and 
will  put  on  2,000  feet  of  dressed  batt-ns,  or  ;5,000  of 
rough  battens.  Hence  the  price  would  be:  rough  barn 
boards,  ;)()  cents  p'-r  loo  feet  or  one  square;  surface 
barn  boariis,  :55  cents  per  100  feet  or  one  square. 
Dressed  battens,  ;iO  cents  per  loo  lineal  feet.  Rough 
battens,  18  cents  per  lOO  lineal  feet. 

Roofs.— The 'area  of  a  plain  gable  roof  is  had  by 
multiplying  the  entire  length  of  the  rafters  by  the 
length  of  the  building,  including  the  projection  of  the 
cornice  This  gives  one  side;  doubling  it  gives  the 
total  square  feet  of  roof. 

Hip  Hoofs.— Get  the  entire  out.;  •  measurement  of 
the  building,  including  the  projections  of  the  cornice. 


«»•»'  ?1W«"VTS*BnG«iJ«B?, 


146 


HODGSON'S  ESTIiMATC  R 


if' -I 

■  a 
I. 


Ill 


Multiply  this  by  the  length  of  the  principa:  raUv.-t  and 
take  one-half;  the  result  is  the  area  of  the  roof. 

Hip  Hoof  with  Deck. — To  the  outside  measurement  of 
the  deck,  add  the  outside  measurement  of  the  building 
as  above.  Multiply  this  by  the  length  of  the  principal 
rafter,  and  take  one-half  for  the  area  of  the  roof. 

Roof  boards  for  plain  gable  roofs  are  worth  40  cents 
per  square  to  put  on  the  building,  and  for  hip  roofs  GO 
cents  per  square. 

If  roof  boards  are  matched  stuff  for  tin  or  slate  roof, 
charge  SI. 00  per  square  for  gable  and  SI. 25  per  square 
for  hip  roofs. 

Shingles.— The  average  width  of  a  shingle  is  4 
inches.  Ilonce  when  shingles  are  laid  4  inches  to  the 
weather,  each  shingle  averages  Ki  s<iuare  inches;  and 
900  are  required  for  a  square  of  roofing. 

If  4  J  inclies  to  oiio  another,  800  will  covor  a  square. 

If  5  inches  to  one  another,  720  will  cover  a  square. 

If  5i  inches  to  one  anotiier,  6.55  will  cover  a  square. 

If  6  inches  to  one  another,  600  will  cover  a  square. 

This  is  for  common  gable  roofs.  In  hip  rcofs, 
where  the  shingles  are  cut  more  or  less  to  fit  the  roof, 
add  C,  per  cent  to  above  figures. 

A  carpenter  will  carry  up  and  lay  on  the  roof  from 
1,500  to  2,000  shingles  per  day,  or  2  to  2^  squares  of 
plain  gable  roofing,  so  that  an  average  price  per  square 
for  simply  laying  the  shingles  would  be  SI. 40.  Add 
40  cents  for  laying  the  roof  boards,  and  the  labor 
account  on  a  common  shingle  roof  would  be  SI. 80  per 
square. 

Tin  Roofs.— A  sheet  of  roofing  tin  is  14  x  20  inches, 
and  a  box  of  tin  contains  112  sheets. 


^M'^ji^M 


wm'^^£i^m' 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  147 

Allowing  the  usual  amount  for  side  ribs  and  top  and 
bottom  laps,  a  box  of  tin  will  cover  182  square  feet, 
and  is  worth  about  Sf;.5()  per  box.     1  C.  charcoal. 

Layin}^  a  b^.;  of  tin  will  cost  as  follows: 

1  box  1  {'.  I'liarcoal  tin S6  50 

10  pounds  solder,  1.5r j   50 

Preparir.f;  tjii  for  roof j   j^,) 

Laying  tin,  1  l/.'i  days 3  oq 

'^''t''' $13.00 

Valleys.-  Tin  valleys  for  shingle  roofs  are  generally 
U  inches,  and  for  slate  roofs  20  inches  wide  An 
average  price  put  on  the  roof,  including  material, 
would  be  12  cents  per  square  foot.  One  man  will  lay 
H  squares  per  day  of  valleys,  in  plain  w-k;  when 
roof  is  steep  or  valleys  cut  up,  1  square  is  a  day's 
work. 

FlMhings.— Tin  flashings  for  chimneys  and  where  one 
part  of  a  building  joins  another  are  worth,  put  on,  13 
cei.ts  per  square  foot. 

Ontters  and  Spouts.— 

Gutters,  4-inch,  are  worth,  put  up,  12  cents  per  lin.  foot. 
Gutters,  5-n,ch,  are  worth,  put  up,  14  cents  per  lin.  foot 
Gutters,  6-inc!,,  are  worth,  put  up,  17  cents  per  lin.  foot 
Down  spouts,  2-inch,  are  worth,  put  up,  10  cents  per  lin.  foot 
Down  spouts,  .3-inch,  are  worth,  put  up,  12  cents  per  lin.  foot' 
Down  spouts.  4-inch,  are  worth,  put  up,  14  cents  per  lin.  foot' 
Down  spouts,  6-inch,  are  worth,  put  up,  .30  cents  per  lin.  foot.' 

Slate  Roofs.-The  price:;  per  square  for  slate  roofs 
can  be  had  of  slaters  in  any  of  our  towns  and  cities 

They  will   vary  from  $S  to  $11  or  514  to  $IH   per 
square.  ^ 

The  following  table  will  be  found  useful  to  the  esti- 
mator. 


148 


HODGSON"?;  ESTIMATOR 


si.atek:  memoranda 


i  f 


II 

ii 


Names. 


Singles 

Doubles  .... 

l.adie.s 

Vi.scount^'Hses 
("ouiitosse.s.  . 
Miir('hioiies.se;; 
l)uelies.ses ... 
Priiiet's.ses ... 
Enipres.ses  .  .  . 


size. 


If 
a 
a. 
a 


-  i 

■^  a 

3  S 

-J 


I   J 


12 
13 
16 

IS 
20 
'22 
24 
21 
26 


Imperials. 
Rags.  .  .  . 
Queens. .  . 


in. 

^ 

5 
6i^ 

7i 

SJ 

Oi 
lOJ 


14  lOi 
16  11^ 


30  X  24  13i 
36  X  24  16J 
36  X  24  :6J 


o. 

«  3 
I-  * 

« . 

Us 

a 


In. 
4 

Ji 

6 

7 

8 

9 
10 
10 
11 


2! 
a 

3 

•  .^ 

pa 


3.0 

2.5 

4.5 

6.2^ 

7.0| 

8.7^ 

10. 4i 

12.2; 

15.2 

A. 

2.5 

2.2 

2.2 


cwt. 
18 
15 
25 
35 
40 
50 
60 
70 
95 


a  . 

C  M 

—  M 
'  «-> 


it 


S 


P 


400 
480 
266 
192 
170 
138 
115 
98 
79 


-  36 

-  I  25 

-  I  25 


CWl. 

6 

6 

5i 

6i 

5S 

5i 

5i 

5§ 

fil 

8 
9 
9 


Nails 
rwiulred 

l)er 
Square. 


No. 
800 
960 
532 
384 
340 
276 
230 
196 
158 

72 
50 
50 


p. 
o 
O 

lbs. 
5 
6 
3i 

n 

4 

3i 

3 

3 

3i 

3 

3J 

3J 


A. — S(|uares  covered  l)v  1  ton. 


The  .above  sizes  sometimes  slightly  vary,  according 
to  the  quarry. 

Slates  are  classed  according  to  their  straightness, 
smoothness  of  surface,  fair  even  thickness,  presence 
or  absence  of  discoloration,  etc.  They  are  genera. ly 
divided  into  first  and  second  qualities,  and  in  some  cases 
a  medium  quality  is  quoted.  Slates  of  first  quality 
are  thinner  and  lighter  than  those  of  inferior  quality. 

Rule  to  find  the  number  of  slates  required  to  cover 
one  square:  One  square  in  inches  +  width  of  slate  in 
inches  x  gauge  in  inches. 

The  weight  of  slating  on  roofs  is  8  pounds  per  foot 
super,  for  all  sf^es,  except  rags  or  queens,  including  a 
3-inch  lap  and  nails. 


•^jm^m-\'^:'^?m^mms^mi. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  149 

As  there  arc  two  nails  per  slate,  the  number  required 
per  square  will  he  found  by  doubling  the  number  of 

1  'm  .    ?'  '■'"'^"  "thousand,"  or  "long  tally."  equals 
1.^00  for  buymg  and  selling. 

Ifails.— Composition  nails  are  best  for  all  good  work 
as  th<,y  are  stiff  and  Ough.  They  are  cast  from  an 
alloy  of  .  copper  to  4  zinc,  and  have  a  vellow,  brassv 
ai)pearance.  Copper  nails  are  either  cast  or  wrought- 
but  they  are  soft  and  dear.  Malleable  iron  nails  are 
frequently  used,  dipped  while  hot  in  boiled  linseed  oil 
to  preserve  them  from  corrosion.  These  can  also  be 
pamted  or  galvanized.  Cast-iron  nails  are  only 
employed  for  temporary  work.  Zinc  nails  are  very 
soft,  and  liable  to  bend,  and  as  their  heads  come  off  in 
drivmg,  they  make  a  good  deal  of  waste 

All  these  nails  are  sold  by  weight,  and'  the  price 
should  lessen  with  the  increase  of  length.  Allow  5 
per  cent  for  waste  in  reckoning  the  number  to  the 
square. 

Nails  for  small  slates,  such  as  Doubles,  etc. 

should  1)0  ahout '  ji-     ■ 

Nails  for  mediun.  slates,  .,uch  as' Countesses,  '"'  ''"'^ 

etc.,  should  l)c  almut '  1 1  ;„  j 

Nails  for  larftc  slates,  such  as  Duchesses,  etc.  ''  ""^ 

should  be  about .  '       o  •      i 

■£  in.  long 

SLATE   NAILS 

Galvanized  slate  nails,  per  keg,  3d. .  $5  =0 

Galvanized  slate  nails,  per  keg,  4d .    .  .      5  qo 

Tinned  slate  nails,  per  keg,  3d 575 

Tinned  slate  nails,  per  keg,  4d  .  .             5  '  o-^ 

Polished  steel  wire  nails,  3d  and  4d .       4  qo 

Copper  slate  nails,  per  pound ....  '90 

These  prices  vary  with  time  and  locality. 

Labor.-The   labor   in    holing    slates,    any    size     is' 
usually  estimated  at  SI. 50  per  thousand;  but  if  a  single 


ISO 


HODGSON'S  KSTIMATOR 


slate-holing  machine  is  used,  a  smart  boy,  at  15  cents 
per  hour,  will  be  able  to  hole  from  3(/(J  to  400  slates  in 
an  hour. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  labor  required 
I HT  square,  which  will  be  less  for  larger  surfaces,  as  the 
slating  will  be  performed  more  quickly.  The  differ- 
ence in  time  for  the  various  kinds  represents  the  extra 
trouble  in  handling,  greater  areas  being  covered  with 
larger  slates  in  a  given  time,  and  the  labor  in  holing  is 
the  same  for  all  sizes. 


A  slater  and  assistant  will  lay: — 

1  square  of  l)oiii)les  (with  two  nails  each)  in  2i  hours 
"  Ladies 

"  Countesses      "  " 

"  Duclies.se8        "  " 

A  slater  and  assistant  will  prepare  and  lay: — 
1  square  of  Doubles  (with  two  nails  each) 
"  Ladies 

"          Co\intesses       "                  " 
"           Duchesses        "                   " 
PlastcrinK  apainst  underside  of  slating,  per 
yard  super 


"  li 
"  1 

"  4 

"2i 
"  2 
"li 

"     J 


Cost  per  Square.— Taking  Countess  slates,  20  inches 

long  by   10  inches  wide,   the  gauge,    if  center-nailed, 

would    be-      ^-^^"^^th  of  slate  -  lap  _   2()  in.  -  :i  in. 

.,  _  _  = 

H  inches.  In  estimating,  therefore,  the  number 
of  slates  required  per  square  of  100  feet  super., 
the  width  of  the  gauge  in  inches,  multiplied  by  the 
brradth  of  the  slate  in  inches,  gives  the  margin  or 
exposed  surface  of  a  single  slate.  This  divided  into 
the  number  of  superficial  inches  in  a  square  (100  feet 
super,  by  144  square  inches  =  14,40()  super,  inches  per 
square),  will  give  the  number  of  slates  to  a  square— 


-^Sj^. 


AND   CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


151 


e.g.,  8i  inches  gauge  by  10  inches  breadth  of  slate  =  85 

square  inches  margin,  and  ^'iiif^iLP^rii?-  PilligH^' 

H5  sq.  in.  margin  p  r  slate 
■  170  Countess  slates  per  square. 

Allowing  .5  per  cent  for  waste,  this  would  give 
roundly  ISO  slates  to  the  square. 

As  there  are  two  nails  per  slate,  the  number  of  nails 
required  per  square  will  be  found  by  doubling  the 
number  of  slates— i.  e.,  in  this  case,  340  nails.  Also 
reckoning  5  per  cent  waste  for  nails,  the  number  for 
estimating  w-nild  be  some  3(J0.  Using  U-i.jch  compo- 
sition nails,  1-14  of  which  go  to  the  pound,  this  latter 
number  would  give  exactly  2^  pounds  per  square,  as 
they  are  sold  by  weight. 

A  slate. roof  is  laid  by  first  placing  a  course  on  the 
eaves.     All  courses  above  this  one  must  be  laid  with  a 
lap  of  more  than  one  half  the  length  of  the  slat"  or  the 
vertical  joints  which  are  not  close  will  not  be  covered. 
The  lap  of  the  slate  is  more  than  one-half  its  length, 
so  the  more  lap  a  course  is  laid  with,  the  better  will  be 
the  roof.     Manufacturers  allow  3  inches  when  selling  a 
square  of  slate,  and  architects  and  consumers  should 
see  that  the  roof  is  laid  with  that  amount  of  lap,  as  a 
less  one  is  a  considerable  gain  for  the  dishonest  roofer, 
w'iich  he  takes  advantage  of  to  t!.o  permanent  injury 
ot  tne  roof,  because  any  less  lap  than  3  inches  greatly 
endangers  the  weather-proof  qualities  of  a  slate  roof. 
Slate,  before  it  -  laid,  should  be  carefully  sorted,  the 
thick  ones   .is..   .0  start  the  roof   at   the  eaves   and 
I  le  thm  ones  to  finish  with   at  the  cumb.     In  nailing 
slate  do   not  firive  the  nails    too  tight.      The  top  of 
the  nail  should  be  just  even  with   the  surface  of  the 
slate. 


'f 


15a 


IK  MHrSOWS  ESTIMATOR 


Li 

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en 


O 
:=i 


Z 
o 

u. 

of 

u 

< 

to 

O 


■J        C  I  .  X 


.5^ 


2  '-  •*     —  n  « 


:^  zr.'n 


J  ^  7i    c  Jy  i_-  i     li  IS  i5  rt  4  ^     5  ^  5  ^  S 


7 


. __»-lii 


£^   IIS 


I  -   ~ 


—  / 


2: 


Z    — 


< 

h 

O 

u 

CQ 


-■/. 

"  7. 

meg 


Mi 

—  r^  — 

ir  —  fo 


?4  =•.?.?-' 

^  Jl  -r ,. 

y:  P  ?5  ir 


?;i':.-   ass   .vJSia 


-.i  i«  ri 

ill 

"5  '-i  3  ~ 


31  —  ^1 


(if  -  30 


S^il 


■3i-y    i:?r.  =    rty:Si»2.    a7,">'2 
—         —  —  —  -,    — ™^_»i 

S  - 1    ^47'^    3  v3  ."I  L-, :::.  S    S  5  S  "  g 
1  =  3    53K3    'i|??5:^    ^^St'/^ 


CI  -f .?  i       T 


"*•  -^  lA       u*  ^  -^ 


;^'l?5S 


3SS 


c  '^'t  c*^  »c 


xcic  — 


-r  *2  :£  ;j^ 

fS  ;t'  ^l  y 

i^  if  ip  4?. 


5il  1:135  •;  5Si' 


—  —  'M  *N|  r- 


^S3 


5l§ 


335    7 


?r'-»'C^     ■*"M— « 


—  —  w  t* 


-*o      ■?'»©5'.      'MC'asx      "t--!*- 


^ 


JT^NS    -J^ 


t/ 


ANb   Li)N'l    .A^  lOR'S   GUIDK  153 


Cornicw       \i     •■ 
bcrs,  ■  fri' 

Th.     ti    :;/ 
of  the  1.1.,:;. 

The    loffit  is       (; 

The  f„  is 

<'       >r  l(  It. 

»Wl.   Ml       id! 
.     '.l   iii(.        in. 
tin-      icz<.'  ai      s 
I.      'Si, mating    f 
"■111        foi  <]uai 

'"•     '-^     Tnci  ih( 

ot  soffit  /,c  , 

o  1)  iiicasuic. 

or   ^'a:  >ofs,  to  the   I(.'ii<,'ths  of  the  two  si-'   s  of 

•he  bu  idi     'add  the  end  projections  and  Icn;    '         on  1 
ifters  an      multiply  as  before. 
Tabl<;  ibor  account  on  cornice  work. 

^■'"  ^   f'  et   two   men  will   put   on   per  ' 

pric  ,,t: 


sna  \'  plain  >  ornice  h      three  mem- 

M      an  I  f  i-cia. 

iiari   nailed  or  fastcm   .  to  t  ;e  side 

'  trt  attach.       to  th      'ind-r  side  of 
r,  or  ji.r  ,^oiit. 
'  -T  1  to  the  end  ut  the  raft- 

■  ni         liii;^r  ,,n  the  fascia 

iinj,'      1    the   an;,'!.  re 

'f  irial    in   a       \  en 

ultip         IV  entire  oiiiside 

idii^^'  by  th.     sum  of   th.-  width 

fas>    a;  the  rt  -.ult  is  the  1  umber 


V11.T11 


S<i 


iO 
12 
14 


1 

12 
16 
20 


4 
4 
4 

5 


No.  FVc 
SO 

75 
60 

48 


(  <>.st  pi  ,)t 

8 
10 
12i 

The  above  is  for  gable  roofs  and   includes  cost  of 

scatioldiasT. 

p  Roofs. — 

Soffit  Fascia         No.  Feet     Cost  per  Foot 

iirii.  lO-inch.  4-inch.  75  s 

...:     •;  -«    "  4i  "  r.t  »i 

-»  -  24  "  .5  •• 
32  2S  "  ,51  " 
34  "       32  "       6  " 


40 
32 


12 
15 
20 


ll 


I 


154 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


Cornice  Mouldings. — 

Crown  moulding,  flat,  2-inrh.  SOO  feet  per  dav.or  80c.  per  100  feet 


"      spring 

4 

it 

500 

"       81.20 

*t                     ti 

5 

it 

445 

1.31 

a                 ti 

0 

ii 

365 

1.C2 

a                 n 

7 

ti 

300 

2.00 

tt                 ti 

8 

it 

250 

2.40 

The  cost  of  cornice  moulding  is  ordinarily  1  cent 
per  lineal  foot  less  than  the  number  of  inches  in  work 
— 2-mch  mouidin},^  2  cents;  3-inch,  3  cents,  etc. 

Bed  moulding,  flat,  Ifinch,  800  feet  per  day,  or  80 
cents  per  100  feet.  Bed  moulding,  flat,  2  inch,  750 
feet  per  day,  or  84  cents  per  100  feet.  Bed  moulding, 
flat,  3-inch,  700  feet  per  day,  or  88  cents  per  100  feet. 
Bed  moulding,  flat,  4-inch,  500  feet  per  day,  or  $1  20 
per  100  feet. 

Cornice  Brackets.-Price  per  bracket,  soft  wood,  all 
well  worked— cost  to  put  on  building: 

Perpendicular   Horizontal  Thickne.ss  Ccsf  Plain  Moulded 
Size,  16-inch.  12-inch.  2J-inch.       $0..35       $0  42 

;;     20     '•      16     "      3       '.  .70  [go 

"     24     "      20     '•      4       "  .70  .85 

"     28     "      24     "      5       •'  1.00         1.20 

"     ^^     "      28     "      6       "  1.50         1.60 

Plain  pane!  moulding,  two  men  will  put  on  300  feet 
per  day.  Foot  moulding,  two  men  will  put  on  400 
feet  per  day. 

FLOORS  Cost 

Soft  wood,  6  in. wide,  without  bridging,  per  joist,  800  sq.Tt!^|0  si) 

'„     ^  ;;    ^''t''     "       "    650  "     .90 

4  witliout        "  "        600     "  98 

",  ^       "         ^'f'  "  "        .500     "         l!oi 

3J     "         without       "  "        4(x)     "         1  25 

3  J     "         with  "  '<        300     "         150 

Two  men  will  dress  six  squares  of  flooring  after  lay- 
ing per  day,  or  at  a  cost  of  gl.OO  per  square. 


Plain  Moulded 

$0.15  10.20 

.20  .25 

.14  .20 

.25  .35 

.35  .45 


AND   CONTRACTOR'S   GUIDE  155 

If  flooring  is  of  hard  wood,  estimate  per  day  two- 
thirds  of  above. 

The  number  of  feet,  board  measure,  in  a  given  floor 
is  had  by  multiplyin},'  its  length  by  its  width  and  add- 
ing one-fifth  for  lapping.  For  flooring  not  matched 
omit  the  lapping.  Two  men  will  lay  1,333  feet  of 
plank  flooring  per  day,  or  45  cents  per  square,  or  will 
lay  2,000  feet  of  common  rough  flooring,  1-inch  stuff, 
or  30  cents  per  stjuare. 

Outside  ceiling  for  wood  buildings,  average  width, 
including  beading  and  scaffolding,  is  worth,  to  put  up, 
SI. 25  per  square.  An  average  day's  work  for  two  men 
is  five  scpiares.  Two  men  will  dress,  after  laying  the 
ceiling,  nve  squares  per  day,  or  SI. 20  cents  per  square. 
Ceiling  overhead  is  generally  of  .wider  stuff  than  out- 
side ceiling;  as  thci  is  no  beading,  and  the  workman- 
ship is  not  so  particular,  two  men  will  put  up  the  same 
amount  as  of  outside  ceiling,  inclu  ling  putting  up  and 
taking  down  scaffolding,  or  five  squares  at  80  cents  per 
square. 

Wainscoting.- Wainscoting  2}  to  3  feet  high,  beaded, 
with  ordinary  capping,  including  dressing  after  putting 
up,  is  worth  $3.00  per  square.  Two  squares  is  a  day's 
work  for  two  men. 

The  same,  3  feet  to  4  feet  high,  is  worth,  to  put  up, 
S2.0()  per  square. 

The  same,  with  shoe  and  heavy  caps,  is  worth  $2.00 
per  square.  The  capping  to  wainscoting  is  ordinary 
moulding  from  1.^  inches  by  i  to  2  inches  by  1^  inches. 

Panel  wainscoting,  mill  worked,  ready  to  put  up. 
including  capping,  shoe  or  base,  is  worth,  for  labor', 
83.25  per  square. 

Hand-worked  panel  wainscoting  is  of  so  various  a 
kind  that  definite  prices  of  labor  cannot  well  be  given 


iS6 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


without  specifications.  In  a  general  way,  the  price 
per  square  for  getting  out  and  putting  up  will  vary 
from  S;}.0()  to  $-iU.{H)  per  square. 

The  above  prices  are  for  soft  wood.  For  hard  wood 
add  40  per  cent. 

Baseboards.— Plain  base,  (J  to  10  inches  wide,  put  up 
before  plastering,  is  worth  l.J  cents  per  lineal  foot  for 
labor.  Two  hundred  feet  is  a  good  day's  work  for  a 
man  with  mill-dressed  lumber. 

The  same,  put  on  after  plastering,  including  putting 
on  grounds,  is  worth  •>  cent^  per  lineal  foot. 

Plain  base,  after  plastering,  with  moulding,  leveling 
or  cappmg  by  hand-miU-dressed  stuff-is  worth   21 
cents    per    lineal    foot    to   get   out    and    place    in    the 
building. 

Stairs.- The  wall  string  is  the  board  with  which  the 
ends  of  the  steps  are  fixed  next  to  the  wall. 

The  face  string  is  the  board  that  carries  the  oute- 
end  of  the  steps  and  risers. 

The  tread  \%  the  horizontal  board  of  the  step. 

The  riser  is  the  upright  board  of  the  step. 

The  nezvd  post  is  the  upright  post  at  the  lower  step 
to  receive  the  hand  rail. 

The  hand  rail    is  the    rail    supported   by  balusters 
lialusters  are  small  columns  or  pillars  to  support  the  rail. 

The  number  of  risers  is  founc'  by  dividing  the  dis- 
tance from  floor  to  floor  by  the  height  of  the  rise. 

The  height  of  each  rise  is  found  by  dividing  the  dis- 
tance from  floor  to  floor  by  the  number  of  risers. 

The  number  of  treads  is  one  less  than  the  number  of 
risers. 

The  width  of  each  tread  is  found  by  dividing  the 
risers  by  the  number  of  treads  and  adding  the 
projection. 


^T^WIi 


\'»^tC^-"^l?'"5T*W^' 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


»57 


Risers  vary  in  height  from  4  to  «  inches.  Treads 
run  from  8  lo  U  inches. 

It  w'il  be  impracticable  to  give  detail  prices  for  all 
variety  of  stair-work  on  account  of  the  diversity  of 
designs.  We  simply  give  a  few  as  an  illustration. 
The  labor  on  rough,  open  stairs,  for  cellars  or  stables, 
when  no  risers  are  used,  is  worth  16  cents  per  tread. 
Straight  stairs  between  partitions,  2  feet  0  inches  to  3 
feet  G  inches  long,  with  0-inch  to  9-inch  tread,  and 
7-inch  to  8-inch  risers,  are  worth  3.5  cents  per  riser. 

Winding  stairs,  same  dimensions,  40  cents  per  riser. 
Open  straight  stairs,  risers  G^  to  8  inches,  treads  G  to 

11  inches;  housed  in  wall  strings,  mitered  to  face 
string;  moulded  nosing,  i-  jluding  putting  up  turned 
balusters,  and  plain  round  or  oval  rail,  with  6-inch  to 
8-inch  turned  newel  post,  are  worth  for  labor  $1.10 
to  $'>fOO  per  riser. 

The  same  stairs,  winding,  charge  S2.50  per  riser  for 
the  winding  steps,  and  $1.25  for  straight  steps.  Put- 
ting on  brackets  outside  of  stringer  is  worth  from  5  to 

12  cents  per  bracket. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  approximate  prices  of 
stair  material: 

Newel  Posts.— A  turned  newel  post  of  cherry  or 
black  walnut,  h  inches  in  diameter,  with  cap,  is  worth 
$3.50;  G  inchc-s,  $4.(10;  and  8  inches,  $5.50. 

Octagon  newel  posts,  walnut,  oak,  or  cherry,  with 
ornamental  cap,  8  inches,  $8.00;  !)  inches,  $8.50;  and 
12  inches,  $10.50. 

Newel  posts  veneered  with  fancy  woods,  with  carv- 
-    f  on  plinth  and  cap,  and  moulded  sunk  oanels,  will 

.y  from  $20.00  to  $G0.(M)  each. 

Balusters. —Turned  balusters,  walnut  or  cherry,  from 
2  feet  4  inches  to  3  feet,  are  worth,  1 J  inches,  10  cents; 


ICJ-' 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


'^  incl:."3,  U  cents;  and  ^i  inches,  20  cents  each.     Oak 
and  ash  20  per  cent  less. 

Fluted    or    octagon    balusters,    walnut    or    cherry 
2  inches.  18  cents;    ".'i  inches, '"o  c.-nts;    •>!  inches,  30 
cents  each.       Fancy  balusters   for    high-priced    stairs 
may  run  from  40  to  (JO  cents  each. 

Rail..-Walnut  or  ch<rry,  ;5i-inch,  15  cents;  4-inch, 
20  cents;  4i.inch,  22  cents;  and  5-inch,'2->  cents  per 
meal  foot.  Raised  back  rails,  walnut  or  cherry 
4-nch.  25  cents;  5-inch.  :J0  cents;  Scinch.  30  cents! 
and  G-mch  40  cents  per  lineal  foot.  Fancy  raised 
back  rails  from  fi  to  7  inches  will  vary  from  50  to  70 
cents  per  foot. 

Door..-The  price  of  doors  may  be  had  from  any 
dealer  s  catalogue.  The  labor  account  is  as  follows: 
A  fair  day  s  work  for  one  n,an  is  setting  5  door  frames 
a  day,  and  putting  on  ordinary  casing.  He  will  also 
hang  and  finish  5  doors  per  day.  or  S1.20  a  door  com- 

^T^.  !  f  °''  ''  ^"^  "  ^"'"^  ^«  '  f<-*«^  "  in'^h  doors, 
and  If  mch  thick.  From  7  feet  .1  inch  to  !)  feet  doors 
and  IJ  mch  thick,  a  day's  work  of  setting  and  casing  3 
frames  per  day.  or  hanging  and  finishing  3  doors  per 
day,  $2.00  per  door  complete. 

Mouldingr  Door  Casings—For  .!  feet  to  7  feet  r.  inch 
doors,  and  3  inch  mouldings,  one  man  will  mould  fi 
door  casings,  two  sides,  per  day,  or  50  cents  per  door- 
with  4i.mch  mouldings.  5  doors  per  day.  or  60  cents 
per  door.  Mouldings  with  two  members  about  one- 
half  above  number.  7  feet  C  inches  to  9  feet  doors 
single  moulding  two  sides,  5  openings  pe.  day  The 
same,  with  double  members  to  moulding.  2i  openings 
per  day.  "^         *• 

Door  frames  when   had  from   factory  are  cased  both 
sides  for  inside  doors,  and  one  side  for  outside  doors. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  159 

Sliding  Doors.— The  frames  for  a  pair  of  sliding  doors 
With  double  joint,  including  casings  each  side,  are 
worth  from  g:5.50  to  S4.()(»  per  frame. 

The  same,  with  segment  top,  will  vary  from  gG.OO 
to  S!».oO;  setting  either  one  of  the  above  frames,  put- 
ting up  the  track,  an-l  lining  the  pocket  is  worth  from 
S:j.o()  to  S4.()0  for  labor.  Setting,  hanging,  and  trim- 
ming a  pair  of  sliding  doors  will  take  a  man  about  IJ 
days,  or  So.T.t  per  door. 

Folding  Doors.— The  frame  for  a  pair  of  folding  doors 
with  opening  5  feet  by  8  feet  G  inches,  with  single 
joints,  including  casing  each  side,  is  worth  from  $3.50 
to  S4.2o  per  opening.  Segment  top,  same  size  open- 
ing, gfJ.uO  to  gS.OO.  Setting  Uie  frame  for  a  pair  of 
folding  doors  will  take  a  man  three-quarters  of  a  day, 
or  $-i.'io  per  frame. 

Fitting,  hanging,  and  trimming  a  pair  of  folding 
doors  will  take  one  man  a  day  and  a  quarter,  or  «3.75 
per  door. 

Moulding,  sliding  and  folding  dooi*  casings,  square 
top  opening  5  feet  by  8  feet  G  inches  on  both  sides, 
single  member;  a  day's  work  is  4  openings  per  day,  or 
75  cents  per  door.  If  moulding  is  double  member, 
two  openings  per  day,  or  $1.50  per  door.  Segment  top 
with  same  size  of  swing,  the  moulding  will  cost  $:i.m 
per  opening.  Over  the  face  of  a  s.juare  top,  one  man 
will  put  on  the  moulding  with  a  single  member  in  one- 
half  a  day,  or  S1.5(»  per  opening.  Double  member  one 
day,  or  83.00  per  opening. 

Setting  door  frames  in  brick  buildings  will  cost  the 
same  as  for  frame  buildings. 

Common  Door  Pramei.  -Outside  fram  s.  with  casings 
on  one  side  for  doors,  from  2  feet  G  inches  by  G  feet'^G 
inches  to  2  feet  8  inches  by  G  feet  8  inches,  are  worth 


ii 


^^^TB 


i6o 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


from  $-i.2r>  to  S;j.5(.  each.     The  same  for  Inside  doors, 
with  casin},r   on  both  sides,  are  worth   from  glJ.Ou  to 

Door  Trimmings. -Butts  3  x  :)  inches,  for  cheap  trim- 
mings, are  worth  1()  cents  per  pair,  and  a  common 
mortise  or  rim  lock,  with  brown  knol),  :}()  cents  each; 
3  X  :{J  butts,  l(t  cents,  and  .'JJ  x  :^,  10  cents  each;  4  x  4,' 
IT)  cents.  A  good  mortise  lock,  with  brown  or  white- 
knobs,  brass  key,  face,  and  bolt  is  orth  4.')  cents. 
Outside  door  locks  vary  from  50  cents  to  $2.00  a  pair; 
average  price  would  be  Sl.oo. 

Sliding  door  locks  4  x  o,  brass  kev  and  face,  $\  50 
each.  Iron  track  for  door,  3  cents  per  foot;  brass 
track.  25  cents.  A  very  good  rabbeted  lock,  without 
night  works,  81.50;  with  night  works,  S-.>.5o  to  84.00 
each. 

Screws  for  putting  on  above  trimmings,  30  cents  a 
gross.  The  labor  account  for  trimming  doors  will  be 
found  under  the  head  of  doors. 

Window8.-The  price  of  the  sash,  including  glass 
and  glazing  for  all  sizes  of  windows,  may  be  had  from 
the  dealers'  catalogues.  Window  frames,  factory 
made,  simply  have  outside  casings  and  jambs.  One 
man  will  cut  the  openings  and  set  five  frames  per  day, 
of  an  average  size,  say  •>  feet  (I  inches  bv  C  feet,  in  a 
frame  building,  and  can  set  the  same  number  in  a  brick 
building,  or  r.O  cents  per  opening. 

As  the  brick-work  goes  up  the  carpenter  must  plumb 
up  the  frames  occasionally,  so  that  a  fair  estimate 
would  be  both  alike. 

In  larger  openings,  setting  from  two  to  four  frames 
per  day  would   be  fair  w..rk,  cr   from   CO  cents  to  S1.-J.5 


rtf*  r  w  i  n  f !  i^^.  w 


One  man  will  case  !-.>  wind,  ws  per  day  of  windows  2 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  i6i 

feet  fi  inches  by  C  feet,  or  IJ  cents  per  lineal  foot  of 
iht;  casing. 

Moulding  window  casings,  same  price  per  foot  : 
door  casing. 

For  wc  d  buildings,  plain  rail  sash,  8  or  12  ligh  s. 
with  outside  casings,  an  average  price  would  be  a:! 
follows: 

$2^20^'^'*^'^"'    ^^^^"'^•*^-^^:    K'xH,  81.80;   10  xl.i. 

With  check-rail  sash  outside,  casings:     8x10  $1  80- 
10  X  1-J.J82.00;  10  X  14,  $2.20;  1(.  x  Hi.  $2.40;  10  x  KS.S2.(iO.' 
Plain  window  frames   for  brick  buildings:      8  x  10 
$2.00;    10x12,    $2.20;    10x14.   $2.50;     10  x  in,    $2.60- 
12x24,  $.3.65. 

Box  window  frames:      8  x  10,  $2.85;    10  x  12,  $;3.00- 
10  X  14,  $;{.20;  10  x  16,  $.{.50;   12  x  24.  $4.:}0. 

The  same  frames,  with  segment  outside  and  square 
mside,  are  worth  50  cents  more. 

Pantries  and  CloMts.- In  ordinary  work  of  this  kind 
one  man  will  get  out  and  put  up  5o  to  75  lineal   feet  of 
shelving  12  inches  wide  per  day,  or  will  make  and  put 
up    five  drawers    15  inches  wide  by  18   inches  deep 
including  racks  and  fitting. 

If  the  drawers  are  dovetailed,  four  is  a  day's  work. 
Strips  and  hooks:  one  man  can  put  50  to  80  lineal 
feet  of  strips,  and  put  on  closet  hooks,  about  12  inches 
apart,  in  one  day. 

Porches. -These  differ  so  widely  in  design  that  prices 
per  fo,.t  lineal  cannot  be  given  without  spccificaHons 
as  they  will  vary  from  $1.25  a  foot  upwards.  In  an 
ordinary  porch,  figure  the  sills  and  joists  as  in  framing- 
also  roof,  labor,  celling,  and  CMrnicc  the  same  as  in 
other  parts  of  the  building,  and  charge  for  whatever 
extra  work  the  design  may  call  for. 


I 


162  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

Blinds. — These  are  made  and  sold  by  the  foot,  meas- 
uring height  of  the  window  on  one  side  only;  60  to  70 
cents  per  lineal  foot,  including  trimming  and  hanging, 
i'j  a  fair  price.  Inside  blinds,  O.  G.  panel  or  rolling 
slats,  ordinary  width,  are  worth  $1.25  per  foot,  com- 
plete in  the  building.  If  inside  blinds  are  of  hard 
wood,  they  are  worth  from  one  and  a  half  to  double 
the  price  of  pine. 

Plastering. — The  number  of  yards  is  simply  the  area 
of  all  the  walls  and  ceilings. 

One  hundred  yards  of  plastering  will  require  1,400 
laths,  4^  bushels  of  lime,  IS  bushels  of  sand,  0  pounds 
of  hair,  and  5  pounds  of  nails  for  two-coat  work. 

Three  men  and  one  helper  will  put  on  450  yards,  in 
a  day's  work,  of  two-coat  work,  and  will  put  on  a  hard 
finish  for  300  yards. 

Retail  cost  of  three-coat  work  for  100  yards  of 
plastering: 

Se^en  bushels  of  lime  at  30  cents $2.10 

Four-fiftlis  of  a  load  of  sand  at  $1.25 1 .00 

Nine  pounds  of  hair  at  2  J  cents 24 

Five  pounds  of  nails  at  4}  cents 22 

.Lathing,  100  yards  at  2 J  cents 2.25 

1400  laths  at  $.'?.00  per  1000 4.20 

Plastering,  2  coats,  1  man  3  of  a  day 2.00 

Helper,  J  of  a  day 33 

Hard  finished,  one  day '.s  work 3.00 

Making  mortar  and  scafTolding 1 .50 

Total  co.st  $16.84 

Or,  say  seventeen  cents  per  yard. 

Painting. — Painting  is  done  by  the  yard,  and  at  ti 
present  prices  of  lead  and  oil,  house  painting  in  plain 
colors  will  cost  on  an  average: 

For  one  coat,  8  cents  per  yard;   two  coats,  15  cents 
per  yard;  three  coats,  23  cents  per  yard. 


'^Ef'imSi^' 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  163 

One  coat,  or  priming,  will  take  for  100  yards  of 
painting  W  pounds  of  lead  and  4  gallons  of  oil.  Two- 
coat  work,  40  pounds  of  lead  and  4  gallons  of  oil. 
Three-coat,  the  same  proportion;  so  that  a  fair  esti- 
mate for  100  yards  of  three-coat  work  would  be  CO 
pounds  of  lead  and  12  gallons  of  oil. 

A  day's  work  on  outside  of  a  building  is  100  yards  of 
first  coat,  and  «0  yards  of  either  second  or  third  coat. 
An  ordinary  door,  including  casings,  will  on  both  sides 
make  H  yards  to  10  yards  of  painting,  or  say,  5  yards 
to  a  door  without  the  casings.  An  ordinary  window 
^Mo  :{  yards.  Fifty  yards  of  common  graining  is  a 
day's  work  for  a  grainer  and  one  man  to  rub  in. 

In  measuring  up  outside  work,  use  the  rule  for  plain 
surfaces.  In  common  painting  run  your  tape-line  over 
all  the  mouldings  in  and  out,  and  this,  with  the  width 
of  the  cornice  multiplied  by  its  length,  will  give  the 
area.  It  is  customary  to  add  from  one-third  to  one- 
half  for  the  bracket  painting.  In  painting  blinds  of  or- 
dinary size,  twelve  is  a  fair  day's  work  for  one  coat,  and 
n  pounas  of  lead  and  1  gallon  of  oil  will  paint  them 
In  measurmg  up  inside  base,  it  is  customary  to  reckon 

9  mches  m  width  and  upwards  to  1   foot  as  li  inches. 
Naa«.— One  thousand  feet  of  inch  stuff  will  require 

10  pounds  of  10-penny  nails;  1  square  of  siding  or  ceil- 
ing. 2}  pounds  8-penny,  and  the  same  for  a  square  of 
roor  boards  or  sheathing,  and  1,000  shingles  will  take 
'i  pounds  of  shingle  nails. 

Brick  and  Stone  Work.-A  day's  work  in  excavating 
and  fillmg  into  cart  or  wheelbarrow  is  11  orl2  cubic 
yards  of  common  earth,  or  7  to  8  yards  of  clay  or 
coarse  g.avci,  or  14  to  ].;  cents  per  yard.  In  limestone 
or  sandstone  a  day's  work  in  quarrying  will  range 
trom  one-half  to  on--  cord  of  stone. 


i64 


HODGSON  5  ESTIMATOR 


Stone  Work.— A  perch  i.  IGi  feet  long,  U  feet  wide, 
and  I  foot  high,  and  contains  i4\  cubic  feet.  In  esti- 
mates •2.'»  cubic  feet  is  figured  as  a  perch. 

A  perch  in  the  wall  contains  about  2'2  cubic  feet  of 
stone  and  3  cubic  feet  of  mortar. 

The  waste  ordinarily  allowed  in  laying  stone  walls 
from  the  rock  measurement  is  one-fifth. 

A  cubic  yard  of  rubble  masonry  laid  in  the  wall  con- 
tains 1',  cubic  yards  of  undressed  stone  and  one- 
fourth  of  a  cubic  yard  of  mortar. 

Four  perches  or  100  cubic  feet  of  wall  will  contain 
ordinarily  1  cord  of  stone  or  128  cubic  feet,  1  barrel  of 
lime,  or  say  2\  bushels,  and  5  barrels  of  sand. 

A  day's  work  for  a  mason's  helper  is  moving  I  to  5 
perches  of  stone,  and  mix  and  carry  to  the  mason  suffi- 
cient mortar  to  lay  them. 

A  man  will  lay  in  one  day  from  l  to  5  perches  of 
rubble  masonry  in  sandstone,  or  .3  perches  in  limestone. 
In  many  locations  sandstone  is  delivered  for  |!1.25  per 
perch,  and  the  labor  for  laying  in  ordinary  walls,  in- 
cluding lime  and  sand,  from  95  cents  to  $1.25  per  perch. 

Stone  Ashlars. — These  are  ordinarily  3  feet  to  5  feet 
long,  1  foot  high,  and  4  to  O  inches  thick. 

The  price  of  the  rough  stone  will  vary  according  to 
locality.  The  labor  on  ashlars,  including  setting,  is 
per  square  foot  as  follows: 

Fine  posts,  hatninerwork,  limp.stoiie,  30  cts.;  sandstone,  25  ots. 
Mi'diuin  "  "  2S    "  "  22  " 

Kough  "  "  20    "  "  17   " 

Freestone  ashlars,  sawed,  are  furnished  at  the  mills 
for  25  to  35  cents  per  square  foot,  and  caps  and  sills 
for  ordinary  windows  and  doors  from  $1.35  to  Si.?0 
each. 

Brick  Work.— The  labor  and  material  of  brick  work 


1MW 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  ,65 

are  estimated  by  the  1.000  brick.     In   measuring  „p 
br.ck  walls  ,t  .s  not  customary  to  deduct  for  openings 
To  ascertam  the  number  of   bricks  in   a  wall:     First" 
obtain  the  number  of  superficial  feet,  and  multiply  this 
by  7  for  a     -,nch  wall,  by  U  for  a  O-inch  wall.  Lfor 
4-mch  wall  and  2U  for  an  18-inch  wall.     If  thicker  than 
1  s   mches    for  each   additional  4J  inches  in   thickness 
aau  ,  bricks  per  scjuare  foot. 

One  thousand  five  hundred  brick  is  an  average  day's 
work  for  oMtside  and  inside  walls,  and  we  take  three! 
quarters  of  a  barrel  of  lime  and  0  bushels  of  sand  to 
J.a  ethe  mortar.  The  number  of  brick  a  mas^n  will 
ay  n  a  day  on  a  plam  wall  depends  largely  upon  its 
thickness.  On  f,-inch  work.  1,-^00  to  ijo;  on Tlin  h 
wor^  1.500  to  -.000  and  on  is-inch 'work.  ..OoHo 
2.500,    veneered  work  or  single-back  walls  attached  to 

rcgar.ed  a  day  s  work;    this  includes  tying  the  brick 
with  nail,  to  the  fram.  work,  or  sheathing. 

of]^,rni  h"""""?!'*--''""  "'•''"  '""^tration  of  the  cost 

of  furnishing  and  laying  1.500  brick,  or  one  -lay's  work. 

1500  l)rick  at  $fi  per  M  .  „,  _- 

i  barrel  of  lime  at  tl *'  r? 

9  bush.ls  of  sand  at  5  cent    . .', ^ 

1  day'.s  work  for  n   i^on    .    .  ' „  T^ 

1  day's  work  for  li-   ,K>r . o'^ 

«6.  in) 

Total —— — 

Or,  $10.14  per  M.  "^^ 

Chimneys. -Common  Hues  and  ordinary  chimne.  ,  are 

Tabor    :Z  '"  T  ''r\'  '''  ^"""'"^  '-^'  '-'^'d'n" 
labor    and    material.      In    large    chimneys    with    fire 

rn"L':r  "-t""'  '^'■^''  '^^^^^^  ^-  '■"-  -^ 

at  dn  M    ?K      '•  '"  ^'"'^  ^'''"''  ^"^  «*'"^^'<-'  the  labor 
at  double  th^price  of  plain  walls  of  same  thickness 


166 


HODCSOX'S   ESTIMATOR 


Plumbing.— In  |)linibinjr  for  l).ith-rnoms  and  closets 
IJ-itich  |)ii)ci,  u«.cd  fur  n.iU-r,  J-inch  for  supply,  aiul 
•t-iiich  ron  pipes  for  swil-pipr.  An  avcra^;.'  prin- 
would  he  for  material  and  jjuttin},'  in  the  huildinj,': 
li-in.  h  pipe,  lead,  I"  cents  per  foot;  j-inch  pipe,  lead, 
:il  cents  per  foot,  and  soil-pipe,  :!:»  cent'^  per  foot. 

Hath-tui)s  will  vary  in  price  from  Sl.'>.(»0  to  S-VIOO; 
double  bath-cocks,  §12.00  to  Slo.oo;  sinj^de,  Sl.UO  to 
SM.OO;  wash-bowl  cocks,  from  S'i.Oi)  o  $:).(»). 

A  fair  price  for  a  corner  wash-bowl,  marble,  with 
stop-cocks  and  enclosed  with  casinj,'s,  includinj.,'  con- 
n<'ctions  with  jjipes,  will  vary  from  S12.00  to  Sv'O.OO; 
water-closet  basins  and  connections,  SO. 00  to  $.S.0(). 

It  must  be  understood  that  the  foregoing  prices  are 
only  approximately  cornet. 

soMi:  I'Aintkr's  extras 

In  estimating  th.<  painter's  work,  a  few  facts  and 
data  as  to  the  quantity  of  paint  required  to  cover  cer- 
tain areas  of  surface  are  necessary.  Thus  it  is  useful 
to  know  that  1  pound  of  mixed  white  lead  paint  will 
cover  about  4^  superficial  yards  the  first  coat,  and 
about  ("4  yards  each  additional  coat;  that  1  pound  of 
mixed  red  lead  paint  will  cover  about  /ij  yards  super, 
of  iron.  Some  authorities  say  45  yards  of  first  coat, 
including  stopping,  will  require  5  pounds  of  white 
lead,  5  pounds  of  putty  and  1  (juart  of  oil;  and  4') 
yards  of  each  succeeding  coat  will  require  /i  pounds  of 
white  lead  and  1  quart  of  oil.  These  quantities  do  not 
exactly  agree,  but  they  are  approximately  correct,  and 
we  may  take  about  fij  to  7  yards  to  be  about  a  fair 
allowance  for  1  pound  of  paint;  if  the  paint  costs,  say, 
15  cents  per  pound,  the  cost  would  be  about  'i^  cents 
per  yard  for  material;    1    pound  of  mixed  white  lead 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S   GUIDE  ,67 

paint  will  covtr  1  yar-i  super,  on  Portland  cement  first 
to.it);  Kood  oil  varnish  rccjuires  I  pint  to  8  or  !)  \  rds 
sup  rficial,  one  coat. 

In  measuring  the  painting  of  iron  railing,  the  two 
sides  are  measured  as  flat  work.  Imth  sides  plain,  and 
charged  as  sr  h.  unless  gilded;  if  the  railing  is  delicate 
and  ..rnamenial.  the  charge  is  once  and  a  half,  or  twice 
IS  taken  for  ea   h  side. 

The  rotation  in  taking  the  items  arc  generally  the 
windows,  base  dades.  cnimney  pieces,  doors;  but  this 
rule  IS  not  strictly  observed,  and  in  th  •  abstracting  the 
-ne-coat  work  comes  l.-fore  the  three,  four,  or  five 
...nesinoil;  flatting  and  ornamental  work  follow  the 
plain  painting. 

It  may  be  useful  to  reme  nber  that  the  decimal  .27 
multiplied  by  the  rate  of  wages  for  a  painter  per  hour 
w.ll  give  the  c,  ,  t  per  yard  for  common  work,  including 
stopping,  knotting,  --t  and  the  decimal  .15  for  second 
and  following  coats. 

Staining,  sizing  ar.  -         ^ng  taken  at  per  yar  ! 

superficial  should  be  .  ,  ,-    ,,  to  stain  and  the  nun. 

ber  of  coats  of  varnish.  -  .  varnished  work,  st-.^^^  if 
on  natural  a-ood  or  painted.  Graining  and  v. ;  .,h  - 
at  per  yard  is  similarly  measured  to  plain  paintinn.  and 
should  be  described  as  "extra";  state  if  "embed  " 
once  grained."  and  varnishe  ,  and  the  w  d  to  >-.» 
.mitated  as  oak,  aalnut.  <•  ,f  once  or  twice  var- 
n.shed.  and  if  with  spirit  01  c'>:,J,  if  the  wood  is  to  be 


WOOD   AND    IRON   WC^k 


96  yards  .5  feet  s'-n." 
and  pai 


Knotting,  su,,    ..ng,  priming, 
ng  wood  wf-rk  three  times  i:i 


oil  and  lead 


color.      laking   the  decimal    .i7   and   multiplying  by 


I 


I 


i    1 

•* 

1   i' 

*      '    i 

i 

I^Ml 

i68 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


rate   of   wages    per   hour   would    give    the    cost    per 
yard. 

The  price-books  give  20  to  25  cents  per  yard  for 
three-coat  work. 

103  yards  super.  Dit^o  four  times  on  cement  work. 
Add  to  the  above  5  cents  per  yard,  say,  22  cents  per 
yard  f  ^r  a  large  quantity. 

54  yards  super.  Painting  four  times  balusters  of 
staircase.  These  are  ornamental  and  close,  and  the 
quantity  given  includes  double  face.  Say,  25  cents 
per  yard. 

T5  yards  (!  feet  super.  Ditto  five  times  iron  railing. 
About  5  cents  per  yard  more  than  last. 

r5-foot  run.  4^  inch  reveals  in  five  oils.  Worth 
about  8  to  12  cents  per  foot. 

;3C-foot  run.  Tainting  r.  w.  \  pes  in  four  oils.  Put 
this  at  10  cents  per  foot. 

«(;-foot  run.     Ditto  eaves  gutters.     Same  price. 

35-yard  run.  Painting  bars  to  skylights,  four  coats 
in  oil.     This  is  worth  about  0  c.  nts  per  yard. 

120-foot  run.  Shelf  edge,  three  coats.  3  cents  per 
foot. 

18-foot  run.  Painting  in  three  oils,  cornice  12-inch 
girth.     About  8  cents  per  foot  run. 

62-foot  run.  Painting  in  four  oils,  window-sills 
about  12-inch  girth.     Price  about  8  or  0  cents. 

Painting  in  approved  tints  wood  and  stone  chimney 
pieces,  four  coats.  If  of  ordinary  kind,  the  cost  mav 
be  put  at  about  75  cents  to  $1.00  each.  Ditto  ditto, 
e.xtra  coat  and  flatting.     Add,  say,  30  cents  each. 

30  yards  super.  Painting  four  times  in  .  ,1,  including 
knotting  and  stopping  and  flatting. 

Say  for  four-coat  work  on  wood 10.25 

For  flatting  add qo 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


169 


In  some  price-books  this  would  be  put  at  4a  cents 
per  yard. 

•in  yards  super.  Ditto  ditto  finished  in  party  colors. 
Add  5  cents  to  the  above. 

5  yards  super.  Ditto  finished  in  shades  of  Indian 
red.  This  is  rather  a  dear  color,  and  may  be  priced  at 
.s  to  10  cents  in  addition. 

fit >  foot  run.  Paint  in  three  oils,  reveals  4J  inches 
wide.     Add  about  ti  cents  per  foot. 

5S-foot  run.  Ditto  three  and  flattin},'  to  skirtinjr  not 
more  than  1(»  inches  wide.     About  7  cents  per  foot. 

10  yards  super.  Painting  in  three  oils,  enriched 
cornices  and  flattinjj.  Price  about  75  cents  per  vard, 
and  add  '2(1  cents  per  yard  for  ilatting. 

No.  I'-i.  Sash  frames  not  e.Nceeding  24  feet  super., 
four  oils.  These  may  be  priced  at  about  S(»  to  !»('» 
cents  each. 

No.  4.     Ditto  large  size  ditto.     Add  25  cents  to  each. 

No.  Vi.  Dozen  sash  scjuares,  about  2  feet  super, 
each.     Worth  about  5.')  cents  per  dozen. 

No.  4.  Dozen  ditto  large.  About  SO  cents  per 
dozen. 

r2-fo()t  run.  Painting  base,  four  oils.  These  would 
be  about  7  cents  per  foot. 

72-foot  run.  Ditto  finished  in  grayish-green.  Add 
1  cent  per  foot. 

:J2-foot  run.  Ditto  narrow  base,  four  oils.  About  7 
cents  per  foot. 


GRAIN'NG   AND   VARNISHINc; 

IMoot  run.  French-polishing  handrail.  Worth 
about  20  cents  per  foot. 

50  yards  super.  Varnishing  doors  and  fr.uning.  two 
coats  copal  varnish.     Price  at  2o  cents  per  yard  super. 


If 


\i  t 


170  HOD(iSO\'S  KSTIMATOR 

4.-.  yards  super.  Painting  in  foi,r  oils,  doors  finished 
in  buff  and  gray   of  approved  tints. 

Price  in  .0  miiio.i  colors,  four  coats,  it..-hulinK  ki.ot- 

tiiiK  and  stopping,  per  vard jo  or, 

Finishing  in  fawn  tints,  per  yard '.       qq 

f'-i  yards  super.  Graining  extra  in  oak  and  twice 
varnishing.  This  may  be  priced  at  oo  cents  per  yard 
tor  best  work,  and  for  twice  in  copal  ;!U  cents. 

105  yards  super.  Graining  wainscot  and  twice  var- 
nishing.    Extra  over  common. 

Graining  cost  per  yard $()  :in 

Copal  vanii>liinR,  two  coats .        •>() 

320  yards  super.     Varnishing  matchboard  partitions 
etc.,  in  two  coats  copal  \    rnish,  and  sizing  wood. 

Sizing  wood,  say    j„  ,^, 

1  wi<  (■  in  copal,  say ., 

3-i  feet  super.     Painting  c.irv.-.l  p.diments  and  trusses 
four  coats  :n  oil.  finished  in  two   tints  to  be   approved. 
Say  co.^t  of  foiir-<o;it  work  •?  »   1  ' 

Picking  out  in  two  tints,  p,.r  foot  '    \^^ 

If  very  elaborate,  thr  .  nst  would  I.e  more,  arcordinir 
to  color  selected. 

32  yards  super.  Painting  skylights  each  si<ie  four 
coats.      The  price  wouhl  be  al).)i!t  -.'s  cents  .ach  side 

12  yards  super.  Oak  combed  and  shadowed  and 
varnished.  This  maybe  fur  some  special  doors,  and 
may  be  priced  at  f;.S  cents  per  yard. 

If  th<Te  are  more  yards  in  the  work  than  named  in 
the  foregoing,  then  a  reduction  of  from  ;}  to  5  per  cent 
may  be  made.  If  there  is  a  l.-ss  nnmb.-r  of  v.irds  then 
an  additional  price  of  from  :)  to  :.  per  cent  may  be 
added.  ^ 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


171 


THE   PLASTERER   AND    PAINTER 

In  estimatinfT  for  plastering,  or  for  painting  also, 
(1)  the  description  of  all  materials  and  work  should  be 
kept  separate,     (i)  Plastering  on  walls  to  be  measured 
from  the  floor  upwards,  or  from  the  point  where  each 
description  of  work  commences.     (:j)  Where  cornices 
are  lathed  on   brackets,  measure  ceiling  and  walls  to 
the  edge  of  the  brackets  only.      (4)  Where  cornices  are 
not  bracketed,  measure  the  ceiling  full  size  of  room, 
and    the   walls    up   to    ceiling;    all    in    super,    yards'. 
(5)   Deduct  all    openings    100   square    feet   and   over; 
deduct  materials  and  add  labor  (hollows)  for  net  sizes' 
of  doors,  windows,  fireplaces,  and  other  openings  under 
100   feet  super.      (.;)   Where  ceilings  are  pan.  led   and 
coffered,  or  covered,  girth  round  all  portions  that  are 
lathed,  keeping  circular  work  separate.      (^7)  Ceilings 
plastered   bt  twcen  spars,  etc.,  to  be  measured  across 
the  spars  and   purlins,  and   even    then   kept  separate 
and  described  as  such,     (.s)  All  work  run  with  a  mould 
to  be  measur.-d  lineal  on  the  wall,  and  the  girth  given, 
as  cornices,  rustics,  strings,  architraves,  soffits,  quirks' 
etc.;    count   all   miters  with   the  girth   of  mould    they 
b.Iong    to;    count    miters  in    paneled   work.       (;»)  All 
cornices,  etc..  lathc.i  on  brackets,  to  be  kept  separate 
and    descnbed    as    such.       (K.)    All    cast   work    to    be 
counted,  .xcept  running   enrichments.      (11)  Enriched 
members    to    be    measured    lineal,    with    girth.       (|-.>) 
Modeling  of  rnrichm,  Its   to  be,  if  special,  so  stated 
and   the   models   to  1.,-   the   property  of   the  designer! 
(1-H  Ceilings  or  walls  cover,  d  with  panels,  formed  by 
small  mouKis,  to  be  measured  super.,  with  illustration 
or  drawing,  for     'extra  price  ov.r  plain  work";    larger 
panel  mg  or  special  d.  .  ,  ,r.,tiv,    f.atures  to  be  measured 
HI  detail.     (14)  Angles  to  pilasters,  etc.,  if  specially 


'  mt  '^il 


s 


11 


172 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


formed,    meal  and  extra  to  plasterin^r.      (15,  Door  and 
wmdow  frames,  bedding,,   and    pointing',  to  be  counted, 
and   state  material   to  be  used;    also   (lushinfj  to   inside 
of    frames    after    fixing,    or   behind    casin^^s.    window 
backs,  or  other  work  to  be  given,      (iri)  Making  goods 
generally,    and   after    plumber,   gas-fitter,   bell-hanger 
etc     and  ch.mney  pieces,  as  in   item,  stating  numbers.' 
(1.)  Coloring  and   white-washing  walls,  etc..  to  be   in 
super,  yards,   measuring   over  all   openings    under    loO 
super,  feet;    ,f  the  work  has  to   be  pointed  bv  the  nias- 
crer   state  so.      (IS)  Painting  to  include  stopping  and 
knotting,  and   to  be  given   in   s,,uare   vards.     I'rii^^ing 
o  be  separate,  if  on  work   painted  before  being  fixed 
lamtmg   to  be  girth.d    round    all    exposed    surfaces' 
except  as   below,      (l:.,  iialusters.    if  ordinarv  square.' 
and  girds   gates,  and  other  metal  work  painted  on  both 
sides,  with  bards  about  5  to  .i  inches  apart,  to  be  meas- 
ure, one  surface  only;   if  closer  orslightiv  ornamental. 
U    surfaces,     uul    for   very  close   or    very   ornamc.„tal 
work.   ^  to  -n  surfaces.     (•,'(.)  Windows    to    be    meas- 
ured each  surface  over  full  si.,  of  op.ning  for  painting 
frame  and  sheets,  or  ,.|s-.  the  frames  counted,  and  the 
shee  s   ,f  large  squares,  counted;  but  if  in  small  squares 
(as  old-fash.oned  crown  glaring),  then  count  the  squares 
mstead  of  the  sheet.      (-.1  ,  Fa„cy  or  ornan,ental  p.unt- 
.ng  to  be  measured  in  detail,  with  lengths  of  mouldings 
picked  out,  g,  t.  etc.     All   work   in   parti-colors  to  be 
kept  separat*'  from  plain  work. 

The  cost  ,.r  internal  plastering  largely  depends  on 
tHv  number  of  coats;  the  second  or  floating  coat 
mvolves  four  processes:  running  the  scre-.ds,  fillin-r- 
in,  scouring  with  a  hand-fl.)a(,  and  "keying"  the  su'r- 
face  for  the^finishin^  coat.  1  ius  coat  costs  about  a  W 
more  than  the  two  c.-ais  and  s.t.     The  third  or  finishin  ' 


\t)  « 


ldl_ 


iFWS^' 


r 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDIC  i;3 

coat  also  entails  extra  care  and  trouble.     It  involves 
laying,  scouring,  troweling,  etc  ,  and  it   requires  "fine 
stuff,"  consisting  oi   pure   lime,  slaked,  saturated  till 
semi-fluid  sand.     If  "gauged"  with  plaster  of  Paris  in 
the  proportion  of  three  or  four  to  one.  the  work  dries 
quicker.      This  is  .t!so  used   for  cornices  and  enrich- 
ments.    Gauging  with  plaster  costs  about  8  cents  each 
coat  per  yard  extra,  and  therefore  adds  materially  to 
the  cost.     The  cements  known  as  Keene's  and  Parian 
have  <]uirk-s.'ttin;.,r   j.roperiies,  and  gi\e  a  hard,  non- 
porous  surface;    th<  v  ar.-   laid  in  two  coais,  the  first  of 
cement   and  sand   about  \  inch  thick,  and  the  finishing 
roat  of  neat  cement.     This   kind   of  cement  finish   is 
used   for  angles  and  arris.s,  often  c  i    Portland  cement 
grounds,    also    for    mouldinj,s,   girder-casings,   soffits, 
skirtmgs,    and  other  decorativ   features.      Compared 
with  ordinary  three-coat  work,   it  costs  about  one  and 
a  half  times  as  much.     .Some  authorities  give  To  cents 
per  ya/d   on  brick,  and  others  ;io  on    lath,    including 
profits,  anrl  on  i'ortlasid  cement  grounds. 

There  are   several     patent   fibrous  plasters   used   on 
canvas,  wood,  and       -tai  for  ceilings  and  decorations 
that  are   advertised.      Thes.-  vary  in    price  about  2.S  to 
40  cents  prr  ya.-d.     Th=    estimator  can  obtain   prices 
for  anv  selected  ceiling,  veal!  filling,  or  decoration 

In  estimating  ifms  of  plaster.r'-.  work,  care  is  neces- 
sary in  ascertaining  th-  .juantities,  and  whether  for 
narn.w  wi.iths."  or  ior  cir.ular  work  If  for  narrow 
widths,  an  extra  price  ,.s  necssarv,  being  for  labor 
uii.ch  uo-.ld  come  to  about  .!  c.nts  p,-r  foot  sui>er! 
niore.  or  .  .  ents  if  in  pl.ruer  of  Pari..  The  quantitv 
should  also  deternun.  th.-  price;  for  large  quantitit^s 
the  labor  m:^du  be  priced  at  I  cent  less.  Keene's  fine 
Mi'ality  cement    takes   a   fin,     [x.ii^h,    and    is   used   for 


I  If 


• 


m  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

inu^nal  decorations,  panels,  columns;  on  brick  walls 
.t  should  be  applied  on  a  rendering  coat  of  Portland 
cemen  .  I  ar.an  cement  is  used  as  a  stucco,  and  is 
valuable  on  new-built  walls,  as  it  can  be  papered  or 
pamted  very  soon  afterwards;  4  bushels  of  Parian  to  4 

i  mch  thick.     The  price  is  about  the  same  as   Keene's 
cement. 

Rake  out  joints  of  old  brick  work  to  form  "key"  for 
plaster. 

This  may  be  done  in  brick  work  for  ;j  to  5  cents  oer 
foot  super.,  say  ;{•>  cents  per  yard,  and  the  price 
dq)ends  much  on  the  hardness  of  the  mortar  to  be 
raked  out  Raking  out  cement  joint  would  be  about  G 
cents  per  foot. 

Dubbint,.  out  1  inch  thick  in  tiles  and  cemer.t  to  fill 
hodow  inwall.     This  maybe  taken  at  from  !.  to   i:{ 
cents  per  toot  super,  according  to  the  kind  of  wall 
and  whether  a  scaffold  is  necessary. 

Render,  float,  and  finish  in  troweled  stucco  for  paint 
May  be  put  down  at  :J5  cents  per  yard  on  brick.     Add 
for  last  coat  finished  troweled  stucco  for  paint  i:j  cents 
per  yard.     Troweled  stucco  on  lath  would  cost  about 
y  cents  per  yard  more. 

I^ath.  plaster,  and  s.t.  finished  troweled  stucco  in 
narrow  widths.  This  would  come  to  about  J.  cents  per 
toot  super.  '^ 

Ditto  sloping  ceiling  in  panels  between  ribs. 

Say  onlinnrv  work  -^ 

Kxtrii  for  latliiiiK,  say  W>  -W 

Add  for  settii.K  <oat"  hetween  ribs'  '.'.'.'.'.'.'..['.'.',',       05 

''«''■>•'"•'' t^'^i" 

Moulded  cornice.  IS-inch  ^'irth.     Price  this  as  In  fore 
say.  'iH  cents  per  foot  super. 


AN'D  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  i;s 

Cornice,  5-inch  (jirth.  Worth  about  14  cents  per  foot 
run.  ^ 

.Aliters  to  ditto.     Each,  say,  14  cents. 

Ditto  '(-inch  ijirth.     Worth  about  :Jo  cents 

Mitrrs  to  ditto.     28  cents  each. 

Knrichm(.'nts  7-inch  jjirth  to  detail;  at  o  cents  for  each 
'"ch  f,nr(h  per  foot,  would  come  to  :{()  cents  per  foot 

KcMuier,  float,  and  set  walls,  gauged  wilt  equal 
lu.  nt.tics  of  l„ne  and  cement.  Add  13  cents  per  yard 
to  former  price,  say.  :i4  cents. 

Ditto  in  narrow  widths.      Price  at  .50  cents 

striighr"''"'"      '^''""'    ■'"    '*'■'   ""^    "'"'^    '^^"    '^^ 
Hacking  face  of  old  walls  to  form   kev  for  plaster 
Th^^  .s  lalK,r  o„,v.  and  m..y  be  put  down  at  5  cents  per 

Ditto  and  raking  out  mortar  joints.     Add  another  5 
cents  per  yard. 

^^Rendering  chimney  backs.     Worth  about  25  cents 

I'laster  plain  face  on  brick  in  narrow  width.  If  this 
jsforl.me  and  hair  finished  with   setting  stuff    it  may 

tt-ring,  the  difference  .s  entirely  for  labor 

Ha.nface.n  Portland  cement  for  skirting  10  inches 
h.uh  w.th  sunk  bead  on  top.  Worth  for  plain  face 
about  5  cents  per  foot.  • 


Worth  for  pl...in  f.u-..  al.rut  fn-  p..r  foot S().OG 

10 


li< 


nrth  for  j)l;i 
'.kI.  [XT  frio 


$0.16 
'I  ASIKR    CORNICKS    A.\n    KNRICHMENT.S 

Mouhi.d  cornic,-.  .,s  per  detail,  on  lath.  This  item 
may  !„•  pru  .d  ,he-  same  as  previous  item,  adding  lath- 
ing, say,  4  cents.  ^ 


176 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


[ 


Papicr-machc  center  flowers  to  drawing-room  and 
dining-room,  al)out  iJ-foot  diameter,  according  to 
design.  It  is  not  easy  to  price  tins  item  without  see- 
ing the  design,  as  they  vary  according  to  the  degree  of 
enrichment.  For  plain  designs  we  may  price  them  at 
'20  cents  per  inch  diameter.  For  elaborate  designs, 
:5(i  to  60  cents  per  inch  would  not  be  too  much.  Get 
list  of  prices. 

Plaster  center  flowers,  18-inch  diameter.  These  are 
worth  about  S;{.5()  each. 

Ceiling  decorations,  as  per  design.  No  special 
decoration  is  described;  if  plain,  the  cost  would  be 
about  lO  and  14  cents  per  foo^,  and  fixing,  say,  another 
Vi  cents. 

Cornices  to  ditto  to  design.  Price  from  20  cents,  for 
fixing  add  20  cents  per  foot. 

Frie/e.     About   'M\  cents   per  foot,  including   fixing. 

KKKNk's    CICMENT 

Keene's  cement,  coarse  ipiality,  on  brick  walls,  on 
rendering  of  Portland  cement.  Troweletl  on  brick, 
at  TO  cents  per  yard.     This  includes  profit. 

Ditto  on  single-lath  partitions.  Price  at  T8  cents 
per  yard. 

Ditto  circular  ditto.     Add  14  cents  per  yard. 

Pilasters  and  architraves  ditto.  This  item  depends 
on  detail;  14  cents  per  foot  for  plain  work  would 
do. 

Skirting  !•  inches  high  and  moulding  3-inch  girth. 
About  20  cents  per  foot. 

Miters  to  ditto.      .About  the  same  price  each. 

Enrichment.  12-inch  girth.  About  12  cents  for  every 
inch  girth  per  f»*ot  run. 

Moulded  coriiio.  ,  i:>-in>li  '^\Tlh.     Price  at  50  cents. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S   GUIDE  177 

Angle  fi-inch  girth,  and  arris  in  Keene's  cement 
Worth  about  10  cents. 

Staff  bead  '-i-inch  girth  and  (juirks.  About  14  cents 
per  foot. 

Moulding  on  ditto  4-inch  girth.  1.;  cents  per  foot 
run.  ' 

Keene's  fine  <|uality  cement,  on  I'ortland  cement 
grounds,  polished  face,  in  narrow  widths.  This  is 
priced  at  75  cents,  incluriing  profit,  per  foot. 

Ditto  (xilished.  plain  face,  on  lath  partition.  This 
may  he  put  at  about  the  same 

Ditto  to  pilasters  on  brick.  More  labor  is  necessary 
in  trowelmg  and  floating  the  surface  of  diminished 
pilasters,  and  the  cost  would  be  about  75  cents  per 
foot. 

Ditto  to  columns.     Add  14  cents  to  last. 

Ditto  in  No.  -2  spherical  heads  of  alcoves  0  feet  wide 
each  The  price  for  these  would  be  about  the  same 
per  foot  super.  There  would  be  about  2S  s.uiar.-  feet 
111  each  head. 

IX  feet  super.  Moulding  to  <litto  polished.  The 
price  fo-  these  is  about  7.^  cents  to  SI. 10  per  foot;  for 
circular  wo.k.  another  2o  cents  m.iv  be  added 

Arrises.      Put  at  C  cents  per  foot. 

Moulded  cornice  round  saloon  bracketed  with  two 
enrichment,  per, letail.  (See  Tig.  l<;.)  This  cornice 
's  run  on  lath,  bracketed  out,  and  the  items  mav  be 
put  down  thus: 

I  l-ii.H.  pi,..-  I.rnrkots  nn.l  j.luKpinK.  ,K.r  foot    .        $0  1, 

Moiil.linK  (XT  fw)t  sup«.r.,  say ..,, 

Two  fiiricliiiio!i(,x '  ■ 

Aikl  for  latliiiiij  '^'^ 

03 

Per  foot  HU|Mr * '^KKi 

Miters  to  ditto. 


J 


178 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


As  th<  0  ent  il  extra  l.ibor,  they  m.iy  be  put  town 
equal  t(^  I -foot  rim  of  cornice,  which  is  equal  to  luarl.N 
2  feet  super.,  say,  «()  c<nts  each. 

I  show  several  rxamples  in  uecoiative  plastering,'  in 
Figs.  11,  12,  i;i,  14,  15,  and  K,.  which  will  >riv,-  some 
idea  of  the  character  of  \\,>rk  ( ^tina'"!  on  in  the  for< - 
going  analysis,  and  aid  the  estimator  in  working  out 
his  figures. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDK 


Fig.  II. 


u^.<  «>/.«/«.    ./     ,.,.^ 


Fig.  12. 


MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST    CHART 

lANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2i 


<^-'^- 


1.0 


2.8 


I.I 


.^  IK 
I:  m 


2.5 
Z2 
2.0 

1.8 


A  APPLIED  IIVMGE     Inc 

^p^  '653    L.jst    Mo.n    St-eet 

r.a  Rochester,    New    roru  14609        USA 

iJS  (716)    482  -  0300  -  Phone 

SBB  (716)    28e    -  5989  -   Ta^ 


viife^i^' 


'■■'» 


i8o 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


Fig.  13. 


if 


II    8^ 
llJ 


Fig.  14. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


I8i 


Fig.  15. 


Fig.  16. 


182  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

EXTERNAL    PLASTERING,    PORTLAND    CEMENT 

Work  in  Portland  cement  is  costly,  as  both  the  mate- 
rial and  labor  are  heavy.     Portland  cement  is  mainly 
used  in  external  work.     Plastering  will  take  3  of  sand 
to  1  of  cement,  except  in  reservoir  or  hydraulic  work 
when  .t  ,s  used  nearly  neat.     It  is  generally  sold  hy 
the  bag  of  1(K)  pounds  in   place  of  the  bushd.  anr'  its 
price  IS  variable  according  to  the  quality  and  locality 
nee  lists  should  always  be  kept  on  hand.     A  gritted 
face  ,s  better  for  Portland  cement  finish  than  troweled 
work,  as  the  latter  is  apt  to  blister.     One  bushel  of 
cement   and   two  of  sand   v  ill   cover  4^  yards  |   inch 
thick;  one  of  cement  to  three  of  sand  will  cover  about 
n  yards  of  that  thickness.     So  that  practically  we  may 
say  that  one-sixth  of  a  bushel  of  cement  will  cover  one 
}-cird  at  the  above  thickness,  worth  about  Vi  cents;  and 
three  bushels  of  sand  will  cost  (JO  cents,  one-sixth  of 
which  will  be  also  about  10  cents;    add  to  which  labor 
and  profit,  about  .'JT  rents,  making  about  CO  cents  per 
yard.      The    items  should  clearly  state    whether  The 
cement  is  "rendered"  or  "plain  face."  or  "render  and 
float,     or  "troweled,  "if  on  brick  or  lath.     Mouldings 
grooves,  arrises  are  taken  per  foot  run  if  not  exceed- 
ing l^-inch  girth;  if  above  this,  by  foot  super.;  and  all 
narrow  widths,    like    panels,    rustics,  etc.,   should    be 
stated,  as  the  labor  is  greater. 

OUTSIDE   PLASTERING 

Troweled  rough  stucco,  with  blue  lias  lime  and  good 
sand,  and  jointed.  This  is  worth  about  60  to  55  cents 
per  yard. 

Moulded  cornice  ditto,  2-foot  G-inch  girth.  May  be 
priced  at  38  cents  per  foot  super. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  183 

Portland  cement,  weathering,  dubbing,  etc  The 
labor  would  be  about  7  cents,  the  material  about  the 
same,  say,  U  cents  per  foot. 

78  yards  super.  Portland  cement,  plain  face.  If  l 
of  cement  to  ;}  of  sand,  the  cost  would  be  about  55 
cents. 

Ditto  in  narrow  widths.  About  10  cents  per  foot 
super.  ' 

Ditto  H-inch  thick  rustics  in  narrow  widths  This 
may  be  put  at  the  same,  as  these  rustics  are  in  narrow 
widths  between  grooves.  This  would  be  for  the  plain 
tace;  vcrmiculated  work  costs  more. 

Rough-cast  made  with  clean  washed  sand  and  shingle 
and  good  lime  in  proper  proportions. 

Say,  materials  per  yard  super.  .  f,  no 

Labor....  ""^ 

30 

SO. 38 

Rough-cast  on  brick,  with  washed  sand  and  shingle 

and  Port  and  cement.     Add  14  cents  to  former  item,  for 

a  yard  of  cement  |  inch  thick  will  take  about  one-sixth 

of  a  bushel,  say,  12  cents;    add  for  extra  labor  3  cents. 

PORTLAND   CEMENT   WORK 

4fin  yards  super       Portland  cement,   plain   face  on 
brick,  floated;  I  of  cement  to  15  of  sand. 

Say,  cost  of  rendering  (cement  and  sand) .  .  fn  oi 

I-ahor  to  ditto 

Floating,  add  14  cents ," 

14 

Profit,  add..                                                                   ^ ^^ 
03 

$0.56 


i84 


i 
* 


ti 

I  ■ 

r 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


The  price-books  put  down  for  this  work  G5  cents  per 
yard,  which  IS  hi^h  for  a  large  quantity  ^ 

Ditto  in  narrow  widths.     Price  at  about  10  cents  per 
foot  super.,  or  about  90  cents  per  yard  super 

Ditto  plain  face  on  brick-jointed.     Tl-s  m, 
down  at  above  price,  or 


may  be  put 


Plain  face .  . 

Add  for  jointing.'  .'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'."■■.■.■ ^ ^^ 


03 


$0.58 


This  may  be  put  down 
than    last,   or,   say,    90 


Price   at    35 


and  80  cents  ror  circular. 

Plain  face  ditto  as  plinth, 
at  8  cents  per  yard  more 
cents. 

Moulding,  etc.,   ditto,   9-inch   girth, 
cents  per  foot. 

Plain  cement  face  to  pilasters,  etc.     Worth  about  10 
cents  per  foot. 

4finch    reveals    to    windows   and   arris.      Mav   be 
priced  at  8  or  10  cents  per  foot. 

Vermiculated  work  according  to  sample  for  quoins 
Worth  about  55  to  70  cents  per  foot.     This  will  be 
extra  on  the  plain  face  before  taken 

Quoins  18  inches  iong,  12-inch  return,  12  inches  in 
heigh  .  .nclud,ng  dubbing  out  and  projecting  1  Lh 
cents  e'acl  ^  P'^"- -d  would  cost  "about  15 

Returned  and  miterea  ends  to  moulding.     The  cost 
of   these  may  be  put   at    the  price  of   1-foot  run  of 
moulding;   a  sketch  should  be  given.      Put  at  abou 
the  same.  luoui 

Portland  cement  plain  face.     This  is  worth  about  55 
cents  per  yard  (see  previous  items). 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  ,85 

labor  '".'!^  ""'^'"  ''''''"'■  '^^'■^  '«  chiefly  for 
labor,  and  may  be  worth  from  r>r>  to  S5  cents  or 
more  per  foot,  but  the    price   depends    on    the     lass 

Ot  work.  v-'aas 

be^wor^h'^l ^'""""'  '"  '"''■■"'  ""'  P^"  ^^•^'-"■'-  This  will 
be^worth   from  8  to  14  cents  per  foot,  according  to 

Miters  to  ditto.  Worth  about  10  cents  each 

Rustic  grooves,  V-shaped.     These   are  simpler  ti  -,„ 

moulded,  and  the  labor  is  less    sav   5  to  s "      , 

foot  run.  '      '  •      ^"^  ^  '''-'"''  ^^^■'' 

Miters    to   ditto.      Put    the<;f.    -,f    ^  . 

girth  ^    '^    ^^^"'5    P^^r    inch 

Portland  cement  cornice,  per  detail.     If  the  mould 
•ng  .s  plam.  the  work  may  be  done   for  38  cents  p'; 

Ditto  in  short  lengths.     Add  10  cents  per  foot. 

Miters.     Say.  4-^  cents  each. 

Floating  beds  en  concrete  for  tile  paving. 

Say,  cost  of  cement  and  sand,  etc  «.  ^n 

Labor,  say  vu.-a) 

25 

$0.45 

Floating  beds  on  concrete  for  wood-block  paving 
This  may  be  priced  the  same.  Having. 

Portlan     cement  laid  as  paving.  '^  inches  thick.     The 
iatrTr^tnt"^^^"^^"^-^^-^'^-^-^^ 

Ihs  cement  forms  a  good  ground,  and  can  be  worked 

hVmTf    t   "•     '''^"■"  P"^^  ^"^  instructions  from 
tnc  manufacturers  or  dealers. 


186 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

PORTLAND   CEMENT 


Angle  8-inch  girth,  and  arris.     If  circular  add  50  per 
cent  to  previous  prices. 

Splayed  angle,  ,s-inch  girth,  and  ar.is.     This  mav  be' 
priced  at  the  same  as  the  other  angle. 

0  inches  by  i  inch  square  =i<irting  and  dubbing  out 
6  inches  of  plain  face  in  narrow  widths        50  conts; 
add  3  cents   for  arris  and  narrow  retu         ,nd   add  3 
cents  for  dubbing;  ;i\  inches  in  all. 

Miters      Price  these  at  1-foot  run  of  the  skirting. 
Stops.     Price  these  at  one-half  the  last  item 
Moulded  skirting  'J  inches  high  and  1   inch  projec- 
tion, an  '  dubbing  out.     Say,  4  cents  for  plain  face    4 
cents  dubbing  and  5  cents  for  small  moulding. 

Ditto,   ditto,    raking,   and    ramped    over    steps    and 
risers.     Price  this  at  50  per  cent  on  last  price. 
Both  these  prices  are  rather  high. 
Internal  miters.     These  are  worth   1-foot  run  of  the 
straight  skirting;  but  the  above  prices  are  sufficient  to 
cover  the  cost  of  miters  and  other  extra  labors 
External  miters.     These  are  of  the  same  value. 
Stops.     These  are  worth  half  a  miter. 


I   :. 


TILING 

The  cost  of  tiles  and  tiling  can  only  be  accurately 
ascertained  by  first  getting  price  of  tiles  and  cost  of 
labor  in  laying  them.  These  are  laid  in  different 
ways;  a  door  boarding,  on  cement,  or  on  laths  or  bat- 
tens. The  latter  method  is  that  generally  employed, 
liles,  in  shape,  are  of  two  main  classes;  those  which 
like  pantiles,  interlock,  and  those  which,  like  common 
plain  tiles,  are  nearly  flat,  and  are  laid  on  the  same 
principle  as  slates.     In  the  former  class  innumerable 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  187 

forms  have  been  patented,  but  few  of  them  get  into 
general  use,  chiefly  owing  to  difficulties  of  replacing 
when  broken,  and  the  trouble  of  fitting  them  to  irregu 
larly-shaped  roofs.     Plain  or  crown  tiles  are  such  as 
have  a  rectangular  form  and  plane  surface.     A  custom 
.s  supposed  to  regulate  size,  but   they  are  generally 
J   inches   long   ,;j   .nches  broad,  and   i  inch   thick, 
v.th  two  holes  ,n  them,  through  which  oak  pins  are 
inserted  to  han-^  upon  the  laths.     Sometimes  cast-iron 
pegs  are  used  .nstead,  or  frequently  extra  large  flat- 
headed  wrought  nails,  made  of  pure  zinc  or  zinc  and 
copper,  vyh.ch  have  the  advantage  of  allowing  a  tile 
o  be  replaced  from  the  inside  of  the  roof  by  lifting  up 
the  others  to  place  m  the  tile  and  drop  in  the  nails  in 
a  few  seconds.     .Sometimes,  also,  tiles  have  projecting 
mbs  cast  on  .n  lie.,  .  f  pegs,  or  they  may  be  both  ho  "d 
and  n.bbed,  so  that  .f  the  nib  is  broken  off,  the  tile 

tha    par    wh.ch  then  appears  uncovered  is  called  the 
gauge  of   the  t.hng.    likewise  known  as  the  fade   or 
Many  tilers  have  a  practice,  when  plain  tiles 
•■  .  mortar,  not  to  peg  more  than  one  hole  in 

Xu^r^'    '^r''.'^;;^°"'>' '^^'^"'•y  third  or  tenth  course  is 
.ailed      This  ,s  bad,  as  with  the  decay  of  the  mortar 
the  t.le  W.11  slip  down.     For  walls,  battens'  naTledo; 
plugged    o  walls,  are  the  best  mode  of  f^xi^g  for  ver 
t.cal  t.  e-hangmg.  the  top  of  each  tile  being  bedded  in 
cment  mortar,  and  the  bottom  double  course  bedded 
and  pointed  in  cement  on  a  tilting  fillet 

In  dealing  with   tiles  as  a  roof  covering,  the  first 

thing  to  be  sure  of  is  that  the  tile  selected'     capable 

of  excluding  all  damp,  and  will  withstand     he  d'fs^ 

tegrating  influence  of  the  weather 

Pantiles  are  the  commonest  class  of  tiles,  and  are 


188 


HODGSON'S   ESTIMATOR 


very  cheap.  They  hold  moisture  a  lon>,'  time,  a  ui 
re<iuire  extra  stronjj  roof  timljers.  They  are  best  laid 
to  a  slope  of  about  :>4  decrees,  and  are  mostly  used  for 
covennij  sheds,  barns,  and  buildings  which  do  not 
reijuire  a  plastered  ceilinf,'. 

Plain  tiles  are  smaller  than  pantiles,  but  being  laid 
with  more  lap.  are  heavier  per  square.  They  can  be 
laid  to  any  slope  from  ••.")  to  Go  degrees. 

Fancy  roofing  tiles  are  similar  in  many  respects  to 
plam  tiles  and  are  much  used  for  external  walls  of 
half-timbered  houses  in  some  countries. 

Roofing  tiles  are  subject  Kj  the  same  defects  as  terra- 
cotta, viz..  if  they  .-"e  burnt  thoroughly  many  of  them 
twist  and  warp  and  will  be  found  to  Ik    untrue,  and  if 
they  are  not  burnt  very  hard  they  are  liable  to  decay. 
A  good  tile  should  be  well  tempered,  of  good  color, 
free  from  stones,  carefully  trimmed,  should  give  forth 
a  clear  ringing  sound,  and  take  its  weathering  quickly. 
The  characteristics  of  a  good  roofing  tile  are  density, 
toughness,  and  incipient  vitrification,  the  last  named 
quality  producing,  to  some  extent,  that  pleasing  tint 
familiarly  known  as  "bloom,"  one  of  the  peculiarities 
of  some  makes  of  tiles. 

Among  the  best  are  Jersey  tiles,  the  color  of  which 
varies  from  pale  strawberry  red  to  dark  brindle  (a  deep 
reddish  brown),  or  even  to  blue,  through  an  almost 
infinite  gradation  of  color,  so  that  almost  any  color  can 
be  obtained.  They  get  their  weathering  quickly,  and 
are  not  porous. 

Sizes  of  tiles.  Plain  tiles,  lOJ  inches  by  (IJ  inches 
by  i  inch,  and  weigh  about  2^  pounds  each,  and  11 
inches  by  7  inches  by  f  inch,  and  weigh  about  :) 
pounds  each.  Pantiles  are  l^  inches  by  9J  inches  by 
i  inch,  and  weigh  about  ".^  pounds  each. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  189 

A  square  of  roofing  requires  HOO  plain  tiles  laid  to  a 
.^.nch  j.au,.e.  r(K.  tiles  laid  to  a  .Ji-inch  ,rauge.  and  .;0() 

es  laid  to  a  4-mch  gau^.;    and    1,S0  pantiles  laid  to 

inch  gauK'e.  ir.4  pantiles  laid  to   11-inch  gauge,  and 
150  pantiles  laid  to  l-.»-inch  gauge. 

One  square  of  plain  tiles  weighs  about  15  .vvt  an  I 
one  S(juare  of  pantiles  about  S  cwt. 

Spruce  tiling  laths  or  battens  are  IJ  inches  by  4  inch 
to  2  in  hes  by  1  inch,  and  oak  tiling  laths  1 J  by  J  inch. 
100  niain  tile  laths  5  f(.  loiii:  i  i      m 

1-' pantile  laths,  10  ft.  lo:,.r     ,, 

'^ t  uuiidle 

One  square  of  tiling  r,.,,uires  1  bundU-  of  laths,  12 
hundred  of  nails.  1  peck  of  tiie  pins,  and  three  hods  of 
mortar. 

One  square  pantiling  requires  1  bundle  of  laths  and 
IJ  hundred  of  nails. 

To  ascertain  the  comparative  merits  of  tiles,  as  to 
their  weathering  properties,  there  is  no  better  test 
than  the  amount  of  water  they  will  absorb 

Most  roofing  tiles  are  slightly  absorbent,  except  in 
he  case  of  highly-fired  brindled  and  blue  tiles,  and  for 
this  reason  old  tiles  have,  in  a  few  isolated  --nstances, 
attained  to  a  higher  market  value  than  new  tiles,  as  by 
age  and  atmospheric  deposit  they  have  acquired  an 
artificial  surface  coating  and  lost  the  property  of 
absorption,  at  least  on  their  outer  exposed  surface 

T.les  of  a  bright  red,  or  an  earthy  red,  color  should 
be  viewed  with  suspicion  and  avoided.  They  are 
invariably  absorbent,  and  will  not  weather  well  Tiles 
may  be  obtained  of  almost  any  color 

Well-formed  roofing  tiles  are  straight  in  their  width 
and  hollow  ,n  their  length,  that  the  tails  of  each  course 
may  he  close  .nd  tight  on  the  back,  of  the  under 
course. 


fill 


'90  HODGSON'S  KSTIMATOR 

Straight  tiles  will  not  cl.ar  th.rmsdvx-s  ..ne  over  the 
other,  and  should  therefore  be  rejected.  Where  point- 
■  Mfj  IS  necessary,  it  is  customary  in  good  work  to  grind 
down  some  of  the  broken  tiles,  to  mix  with  the  Port- 
land cement  as  a  substitute  for  sand,  that  the  finished 
pointing  may  approximate  in  color  to  the  general  tone 
ot  the  roof  covering. 

The  gauge  of  tiling  is  the  distance  from  head  to  tail 
minus  the  lap  divided  by  ■>;  thus  a  K-'-inch  tile  laid  to 
a  .J-mch  lap  will  only  expose  4  inches  of  its  length  to 
the  view  when  the  work  is  completed. 

FIXING 

Old-fashioned  tiles  have  no  nibs  or  stubs  for  hantr- 
.ng  and  must  therefore  be  kept  in  sitti  by  means  of  two 
wooden  pins  or  nails. 

When  tiles  are  bedd-d  in  lime  and  hair  mortar  the 
tops  only  should  be  bedded,  the  mortar  extending 
say  not  more  than  ."J  inches  below  the  head  of  the  tile' 
When  a  roof  is  close-boarded  (and  sometimes  felted) 
there  is^no  need  for  bedding,  though  of  course  a  cover- 
.ngof  bedded  tiles  ■,  less  liable  to  breakage  when  a 
man  IS  climbing  about  a  roof  than  would  be  one  of 
unbedded  tiles. 

In  tiling  roofs  it  is  well  to  cover  them  with  roof 
boarding  and  fdting  before  laying  the  laths  and  tiles. 
Ih.s  should  always  be  done  in  good  work.  Occasion- 
ally architects  are  compelled,  owing  to  the  cost  of 
work,  to  eliminate  the  felting,  or  covering  with  2-plv 
paper,  and  lay  the  tiles  on  the  boarding;  but  this 
practice  is  unwise,  as  experience  shows,  and  the  boards 
alone  do  iiot  stop  draughts. 
Secret   gutters    should    onlv   be    used    in    positions 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GLIDE  ,91 

where  theywi'I  always  clear  themselves,  especially  if 
the  chvellinf,'  be  surrounded  by  trees. 

Tiles,  and  tile-and-a-half.  should  be  worked  against 
all  secret  and  other  gutters,  where  practicable,  alter- 
nately  on  each  vourse. 

Tiles    oxerhangirj    secret   gutters    should    not    be 
bedded  on  the  lea  ,   nor  should  their  edges  be  pointed 
otherwise  rain  may  be  drawn  into  the  roof 

The  lead  welt  should  stand  its  own  thickness  above 
the  backs  of  the  battens,  forming  a  tilt  for  the  tiles 
so  as  to  throw  the  wate,   away  from  their  edge  on  to 
the  main  body  of  the  roof. 

Ridge  tiles  should  be  of  such  a  section  as  to  ad.  ,it 
of  be.ng  pressed  or  made  in  one  piece.  Where  an 
ornamental  cresting  is  re.,uired.  it  should  be  made  as  a 
separate  piece  entirely  detached  from  the  ridge  tile 
proper,  the  latter  being  made  with  a  groove  to  receive 
the  cresting. 

The  cresting  should  not  be  stuck  on  the  ridge  tH-s 
bv  means  of  semi-liquid  clay  while  they  are  in  the  c 
sta  e.     Such  work  is  more  or  less  defective  anH  unsat    - 
factory  m  the  end. 

Pantiles  should  b^  laid  on  laths  and  a  go.  W  oed  of 
hair  plaster,  in  order  to  secure  ther    .  •  the  roc 

Tiles  hung  against  vertical  walls  are  :feated  precisely 
as  are  those  on  roofs.  *^  ^ 


HIPS,    VALLEVS,    AND    RIDGES 

In  a  tiled  roof  valley  and  hip  tiles  should  be  used  in 
preference  to  lead  gutters,  secret  or  otherwise,  bed- 
ding the  valley  tiles  at  their  heads  to  keep  them  in  sUu 
and  steady  while  laying  the  plain  tiles. 

H.pand  valley  tiles  should  be  purpose  made,  with 
proper  regard  to  their  enclosed  angle  or  pitch. 


192  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

Where  a  minor  roof  runs  in  at  right  angles  to  a 
greater  or  mam  roof,  intersecting  it  at  a  point  below 
he  niam  ndge,  it  is  desirable  to  use  a  piece  of  4.pound 
lead  dressed  to  the  shape  of  the  minor  ridge  and  the 
slope  of  the  main  roof,  and  called  a  saddle-piece 
This  prevents  the  possibility  of  rain  getting  in  at  the 
junction  of  the  roofs. 

The  simplest  form  of  ridge  tile  is  that  consisting  of 
the  two  wmgs  terminating  in  a  roll  at  their  angle  of 
mtersection.  *• 

Another  good  ^orm  of  ridge  tile  is  that  of  a  plain 
vertical  blade  rising  from  the  angle  of  intersection  of 
the  wings,  and  with  the  square  angle  at  each  end  of  the 
blade  cut  otf  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees,  and  which  ca^- 
be  pressed  in  one  piece  by  a  simple  operation 

R.dge  tiles  should  be  well  soaked  before  use.  bedded 
in  gauged  lime-and-liair.  and  their  vertical  joints  drawn 
up  solid  with  cement,  not  simply  pointed  after  they 
are  fixed.  ^ 

When  the  roof  is  enclosed  on  the  under  side  it  is 
customary  to  bed  in  lime-and-hair  the  eaves  courses 
only,  for  the  sake  of  steadiness  in  the  fixing 

As   before  stated,  the  cost  of  a  tile  roof  will  vary 
much  according  to  locality  and  ,,uality  of  materials 
I'sed.     The  average  cost  per  square,  however,  will  be 
about  251<;.0()  for  the  best  tiling  and  about  S12.()0  for 
the  more  common  kinds.     While  these  figures  are  not 
correct,  they  may  act  as  a  sort  of  guide  to  the  esti- 
mator when  figuring  on  tile  roofs.     In  all  cases    how- 
ever  wherever  possible,  I  advise  that  the  local  'prices 
be  obtained  and  that  at  least  1(.  per  cent   be  added   to 
these  prices,  unless  the  work  is  executed  in  a  lar-e  citv 
where  prices  are  more  constant  than  in  countrv  places- 
then  only  the  usual  percentage  of  profit  be  added 


'\i^A 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  193 

So  little  tiling  is  done  in  this  country  (more  the 
P.ty)  that  expert  tilers  are  scarce  and  wage    high  and 
varied,  so  that  nothing  can  be  given  definitely  regard 
ing  the  cost  of  this  work.  ^ 

In  measuring  for  tiling,  take  the  whole  superficial 
area,  and  allow  extra  for  eaves  next  parapets,  /inches' 
clnppmg  eaves,  0  inches;  all  hips^nd  cuttings  i 
inches,  and  for  valleys,  12  inches. 

For  pantiling,  also  take  the  whole  superficial  area 
and  at  h.ps.  take  the  length  of  the  hip^rafter  by  1^ 
.nches  for  cutting  and  waste,  to  be  added  to  the  super- 
fic.a    area,-    take  the  run   of   hip  and   ridges    and  of 
mortar  or  cement  filleting,  and  the  plain  tL  heading.^ 

tiot'o7th^T7^  '!;'  ''■''•  '^^  ^"-"tity  and  descrip- 
tion of  the  laths  and  nails  used;  also  if  laid  dry  or 
pointed  outside  or  inside  with  mortar  or  cement  and 
charge  up  accordingly;   get  exact  cost  of  o^  square 

Z7  I  '"  f'''  ^"^"  "■"  ♦'^^  f--^--ng.  and  Then 
find  number  of  squares  to  be  tiled,  and  multiply  the 
number  of  squares  bv  the  rns^  ^f  "'npiy  cne 

upon.  ''"*'  ^'J"^''^  estimated 


THE   SLATER 

The  great  similarity  which  runs  through  the  soecifi 
cat.ons  for  slaters-  work,  no  matter  by  whom  d^aw  " 


194  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

mitered  or  close-cut  hips  are  to  form  any  portion  of  the 
roof. 

If  the  hips  arc  to  be  mitered,  the  angle  should  not  be 
less  than  45  degrees,  otherwise  very  large  slates  must 
be  used  at  the  hip.  which  looks  unsightly,  and  on  no 
account  should  small  pieces  be  allowed. 

Soakers  should  invariably  be  used  where  soft  slates 
are  laid,  as  flushing  or  bad  work  of  any  sort  stains  the 
slates  and  produces  a  bad  effect. 

In   exposed   situations,  where  snow  may  be  driven 
over   the   lap,    it   is   better    that    the   roof   should    be 
boarded  and  felted.     If  battens  are  used  instead   ver- 
tical ones  are  less  liable  to  cause  a  collections  of  snow  at 
certain  points,  and  apparent  leakage  when  that  occurs. 
When  snow  may  slide  off  main  roof  on  to  any  glass 
below,  wire  guards  should  be  fixed  along  the  eaves  to 
check  It.     Open  batten  show-guttering  should  be  pro- 
vided to  all  V  and  parapet  gutters  to  allow  snow-water 
to  get  away. 

Mitered  hips  and  valleys  with  4-pound  lead  soakers 
under  slates  make  the  neatest  finish  to  slated  roofs 
and,   if  properly  secured,   the  most  satisfactory.      In 
order  to  make  a  neat  finish  the  roofs  should  be  45 
degrees  pitch  and  the  slates  used  in  such  cases  should 
be  small,  say  10  x  8;  the  slater  has  then  the  choice  of 
such  sizes  as  1(5  x  0.  10,  and    12  to  work   up  the  hip 
with.     It  IS  impossible  to  obtain  wider  slates,  and  this 
often  induces  the  slater  to  lay  the  slate  lengthways  to 
save  the  introduction  of  small  pieces;  the  sides  of  the 
roofs  forming  the  miter  should  be  of  the  same  pitch 
If  additional  precaution  is  deemed  necessa-y,  small 
rolls  may  he  screwed  down  to  the  hip  rafter,  over  the 
mitering;    this    is    rather   unsightly   and    not    recom- 
mended if  soakers  are  used. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  .g; 

exceeds  uven.y  years,  and  iron  s'nMeJs  '  """' 

;.o;pr,eS;itL%:ntest:Ji.^>-r 

f^'W  of  the  laff.  r    .-f  ;r '"^"(.s,  and  li  inches: 

in    regular-sized    work    such    stnnt    Si 
visabic,  as  the  heads   -,r.  I.  .         ""''    ^'^    '"^d- 

readilv  into  the  sate  Td  h'^!  '"'.""  "°^  ^^'^^^  ^^ 
fl-h  with  the  surface  o  t  ^^sht'e^  /'^  'r'  '""^^  ^^ 
'■"f^'on  that  particular  Dart  will  H  \"yth,ng  press- 

'^50  to  the  pouL  resp::ti:X     ^^'^"'"'"^■"^^^-  ^««  -^ 

poS-!,,irdc4.ctXf  ^'f  "^"  '^ '''  p^^^  '^^^  ex- 
si- a^d  h:.nhrL^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

-^ an^!;  inc^::"  f:;  ?:;  ''""^  ;"-"  -e^er  be  less 
H<neHes,accol°;;^^;;;r';fJ»''"..^I-^ 

^la'::'::"  s'ari^ut.ed'ii.tr  d'^  -.  -p--™-« 

ready  way.  I>ut  raiser.he  'i,  !,  ^f  "^  ""'  ""P  ''  » 
turned  back  bv  sn^w  .r  '"''"V'  '''■""-•  "P' "<"'  is 
will,  it.  '^      "  "'"P'"B  ''°»"'  ="<!  slate  slips 

ingress  'of  dri  ■ ;  ::r "?  7™/  •■■?'' "'"""  "^^ 

'•■■-h  r„,„„  beared  !  Tbout  S^oo':  .1  "'°'  """'"-^ 
pared  with  .511  cents  for  2  »  'l',"-""  P^'  "l"are  as  com. 
labor  of  li,.:„,.  '    ,  •   ^  '"''''  ''""^^  '''ittens.  and  f  he 

neavy  felt  (inodorous  or  otherwise) 


196 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


Ji 


I 


is  inserted  between  the  covering  boards,  and  the  slates 
or  battens  may  be  added  above  the  felt  to  render  the 
building  mere  proof  against  sun  heat. 

Bedding  and  pointing  on  under  side  is  not  recom- 
mended unless  the  roofs  are  well  ventilated;  the  heat 
of  the  house  will  condense  on  the  under  side  of  slate 
and  quickly  rot  the  wood  work,  and,  in  course  of  time, 
the  slate  also.  Experience  shows  that  a  rough  slate 
will  keep  out  driving  rain  better  than  a  smooth  one,  if 
well  laid;  the  reason  for  this  is  that  there  is  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  air  between  the  surface  of  rougji 
slate  and  practically  no  suction;  also  the  thick  edge  of 
the  slate  breaks  up  j  force  of  the  wind  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  slates. 

In  church  roofs,  where  the  pitch  is  very  sharp,  small 
slates  are  recommended,  from  14  x  8  to  18  x  9,  accord- 
ing to  pitch;  as  the  pitch  decreases  the  slate  should  be 
wider. 

For  roofs  of  warehouses,  where  much  depends  on 
the  work  being  perfectly  waier-tight,  "tin"  slates  are 
recommended;  they  are  about  §  inch  thick,  and  are 
large  and  laid  in  diminishing  courses,  the  gauge  being 
about  15  inches  at  the  eaves  and  10  mches  at  the  ridge. 

ThesAi  slates  are  scarce,  and  architects  should  insist 
on  the  order  being  placed  when  the  contract  is  signed, 
to  ensure  delivery  in  time. 

If  it  is  thought  advisable  to  use  the  above-mentioned 
slates,  sizes  such  as  1(J  x  12,  IS  x  12,  20  x  22,  2*2  x  12, 
and  U  X  12  are  suggested,  the  size  varying  according 
to  pitch. 

For  curb  and  mansard  roofs,  slates  larger  than  ir,  x  !» 
should  never  be  used,  the  whole  weight  being  thrown 
on  the  nail  in  such  cases.  The  appearance  of  small 
slates  is  also  far  belter  on  such  roofs. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  ,97 

raf'^'r'a,r;,°'fV"'."'  ■*"  '"''  ""'''>'  "-'I  a  deep 
rafeer  and  flat  pitch,  ,t  i,  a  wise  precaution  to  v  rvth^ 

ap.  B.vM,g  extra  at  eaves  and  for  a  third  of   he  ;     '  ' 
than    n 'ch"  "'1  T''  ''"  '"""  ="<>'■'<'  no    bale's 

i^.::  r-a^e^t-r^^^ 

iviercnants  are  onlv  ahl*-  f^  ^u^  ■ 

si^es  yielded   by  Z    '1  '  Proportion  of 

/n-iutu   oy  tne  rock,  conseuucnflv  ;«•    ,v 

t.mes  impossible  to  fulfil!    he  >^rnrral     ne    fi     r'"'"" 
20  <  10  Coiinf<'«  cUf  .L       --^"^rai  specification  of 

.he  rock  to  „,aVe    !;.';  '^T"\''  ""'  "<"  ""'fi- 

bioci< will ::  to  ,'•.."  °' .'"r '"  ■'<  "-<= 

woA";h'  r'-'"l'""'=  to  do  with  the  quality  of  tho 

".10  :i'L' :  ^4"clr:'.H'=^'°^'  '"V^=  --" '- 

round  si.e  H  probably  10  xlo        """•■•     ^"^  '"'  ^'l" 

i4:ntorti;'r,:i;rTf.rsnrT" 

wh:  ^  ^^sS^^h'"'  ^'"'":-  ™^'-'  "-^  '^^  - 

made  '      '  '"'P'>"">"  "^  ">''  bulk  should  be 

A  good  slate  is  hard  and  tough,  will     ive  ,    h. 

fracture,  no.  'tLj.'rtr'fHai:^  «  .K.'  ie's^'al'^f  T 
c..nta,n  no  white  iron  pyrites  (n,arcasi'e)   '  '"'  ''""'" 

holed  or"t°;'::d"at'r  ;':aT':;,Tr::^"'  "'■'"! 

;;PO".  emits  a  clayey  odor  when  b^t  l^,  n-^^r^tt 
iiaulc  to  premature  decay 
Slate  ridge  rolls  an.   wings  should  be  fastened  with 


198 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


brass  or  copper  screws,  and  bedded  and  pointed  in  lead 
cement,  one-third  lead  and  two-thirds  best  o"l   putty 
Iron  screws  should  not  be  permitted,  they  oxidize  and 
burse  the  rolls.     If  wings  more  than  i  inch  thick  are 
used  the  upper  edges  must  be  beveled. 

Half  or  checker  slating  is  sometimes  employed  for 
farm  buildings  or  where  special  ventilation  or  cheap 
covering  is  required.     The  saving  by  this  method  is  in 
the  quantity  of  slates  and  nails  used;    the  battens  or 
boards   remaining  the  same.     In    place  of  the  slates 
being  butted   close   to  one  another,' they  are  spaced 
laterally  in  such  a  manner  as  to  just  cover  the  joint 
between  the  slates  in  the  course  below.     This  slating 
known  also  as  open  slating,  is  well  adapted  for  use  in 
farm  buildings,  covered  yards,  etc.,  as  by  its  construc- 
tion it  affords  a  certain  amount  of  ventilation. 

In  laying  slate  there  is  always  an  element  of  risk  of 
breakage  that  must  be  accounted  for,  and,  as  all  roofs 
must  be  left  in  good  order  and  perfectly  water-tight 
an  allowance  of  about  25  cents  per  square  must  be 
made  above  all  other  provisions.  It  is  very  necessary 
to  go  carefully  over  the  slating  and  see  that  the  slater 
who  does  the  work  makes  good  any  deficient  or  broken 
slates  befo/e  he  leaves  it;  and  beyond  that  there  is  the 
risk  of  breakages  from  other  wo  .men,  for  some  men 
must  go  on  the  roof  afv.'r,  although  as  much  as  pos- 
sibl'!  this  should  be  avoided. 

Cutting  round  small  ventilators,  V-shaped  on  plain, 
and  13  inches  by  12  inches.— If  the  ventilator  itself 
measures  12  by  12,  the  flashing  round  It  will,  of  course, 
exceed  the  dimension  and  the  slate  will  not  run  close 
up;  giving  another  foot  ran  of  cutting,  the  slate  would 
have  to  be  tilted  against  the  ventilator  to  thmw  the 
water  off,  or  a  secret  gutter  formed.     The  eaves  cut- 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  ,59 

ting  price  at  1.0  inches  of  the  Hating,  the  plain  catting 
at  0  inches  of  it.  ** 

Cutting  round  :j-inch  lees  pipe  (ventilators  from  soil- 
ipcs  and  making  gc.d.-These  are  at  Sl.OU  each, 
including  profit.  ' 

The  following  prices    are  given   herewith  as  being 

approximately  correct,  being  taken  from  the  price  lis^ 

of  the  Slatington   Slate    Co..   Slatington,   Pa  .    bu     I 

wou  da   vise  estimators  to  get  other^ice  list;,  down 

han    ;g'"^"    '''''    ''    '''    P^'-    -    -ntinually 


Sizes 

24x14 
24x12 
22  X  12 
22x11 
20  X  12 
20  x  II . 
20x10. 
ISx  12. 
ISxlO. 
18  X    9. 

Add 


BANGOR  NO.  I  BLACK  ROOFING  SLATE 


^"-  1  \o.  1  Ril,l,on 

IVicc  per  S<ir.        Price  per  S<ir. 
r.  0.  a.  Quarries  F.  0.  B.  Quarries 


.•S.3.50 
.3.50 
.  3.85 
3.85 
3.85 
4.25 
4.25 
3 .  85 
4.25 
4.40 


S3. 10 
3.10 
3.25 
3.25 
3.25 

3.35 

3. 35 
3.50 


No.  1  No.  1  Ribbon 

biws        I'riee  jm  >ir.         Price  per  Sqr. 
F.  0.  B.  Quarries  F.  0.  B.  Quarries 


16  X  12 
16  X  10 
16  X  9 
16x  8 
14  X  10 

14  X    8. 

14  X 

12  X 

12  X 

12  X 


7. 
8. 
7. 
6. 


. $3 . 85 
4..i5 


4 
4 
3 

4 

4. 

3. 

3, 


.50 
.50 
.85 
25 
00 
75 
50 


15  per  cent  to  above  prices. 


3.50 


3.50 

3.ro 

3.50 
3.50 


BROWNVILLE   MAINE   SLATE 

No  more  beautiful  slate  is  quarried  in  the  world  than 

of  smooTh"  r  ''  'V"^-^  ""'■''^••'"  -■"  thickness  and 
of  smooth  surface,  and  when  laid  on  the  roof  presents 
a  surface  equal  to  polished  .steel.  For  costly  urvaT 
residences,   churches,   and  public  edificet  it   h^ ^o 


200 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


sizes  E'''9'"J*'"  Square 

F.  O.  IS.  Quarries 

24  X  14 .?";,;,  ^°-  2 

24x12...  *:.-  -}onp- 

22x  14  *'  -'•  *•*  95 

22xi2;-22.n  ::::;:;:;;::::;:;:;!;:•;;      >^- 
2oxi2.^3xii;  20x10 :::::::::;.  SjS      ^"j^ 

l«-xlO,   18x9 ^5o  ila 

1«M2.  16x11 If^.  5.^< 

l«.xlO,   10x9,   IfixS 7  20  f  .« 

14x12.  14x10.  ,4x9,  14. X  8......    J  45  Im 

J2x^i;il,%!^V''"^^-' •  •  «-^       ^;S 

10x8               •        -^^  -^  -«  3.45 

9x7! ^  ^  3.45 

.                  •l.OO  None. 

Add  15  per  cent  to  above  prices. 

GREEN,    PURPLE   AND   RKO   ROOFING   SLATE 

For  ornamental  roofs  these  colors  are  in  steady 
demand.  They  are  also  used  for  entire  roofs  in  many 
instances.  ■'^ 


Unfading  Green. 
Price  per 
Square 
F.  O.  B. 

„.      ,  /   ^,                                       Quarries 
^l'^    4.24x12 $3  5,) 


Sizes 


22x14, 
20  X  14, 
22x11, 
18  X  11. 
14  X  10. 

20x10.  18x10  ...  4 

16x10  


22x12 3  5,) 

18  X  12,  16  X  12  ...        3  .50 
20x12,  20x11   .....   3 

14x9  ;::;;;:;:•     I 


75 
75 
75 
00 


14x8.  14x7  ....  4 

12x10.  ..  .  o 

12x8 i 


12x7,  12x6  ....■ o 

18x9,  10x9  ...    4 

16x8 ::::;::;;::  4 

Toth 


4.00 
00 
25 
25 
25 
00 
00 


Purple. 

Price  per 
Squaro 
F.  O.  H. 

Quarries 

$4.00 

4.00 

4.00 

4.25 

4.25 

4.25 

4.50 

4.50 
4.50 
3.50 
3.50 
3.25 
4.50 
4.50 


Red. 

Price  per 
Square 
F.  O.  B. 

Quarries 


$11 

.00 

11 

.00 

M 

.00 

11 

00 

9 

25 

9 

25 

11 

00 

11 

50 

lese  prices  add  20  per  cent. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  201 

PEACH    UOTTOM    SLATE 

Sl7.es  Price  rx-r  Square 

20  X  10,   1,S  X  10,   IH  X  y  yuarrle* 

10x0,   16  xS  *^  ^ 

16x10,   IRxll,    isxll ^^ 

18x12,  20x11,  20x12       '^  '^ 

20x13,  22x11,  22x10  '"^  '"^^ 

22x  13,  22x  14,  24  X  1-J  ^  ^^ 

24  X  13,  24  X  14  ^  ''^^ 

24x15,  24  X  10  .  ^  ^''^ 

1-1x7,  14x8,  14x9,  14x10.:. i^ 

12x6,12x7,  12x8.  12x9,  12x10.... '75 

11x5,  2-inch  lap....  ^ ^^ 

11x6,  11x7,  11x8,  2-inrhlap.V.. If. 

10x5,  2-mch  lap  ^  ^^ 

10x6,  10x7,  lOx.s,  2-i„ch'lap.V.' o^ 

Strictly  3-16  i„cl,    i„   tl.ickncs.s.  ,  t  f^ 

Four  to  ti.e  inch  in  rick.  '  jl 

Strictly  }  inch  in  thickness  .  .       I  Z. 

DniliLg  and  countersinking.  50  ct«.  per  square  extra'. 

NO.  2 
All  sizes  above  16  inch 

J""' 3.40 

^!"t 3.25 

12  inch 2.75 

The  peach  bottom  slate  is  one  of  the  best  in  the 
country,.    ,t,s  almost  everlasting,  never  loses  its  coio 
and  IS  non-absorbent. 

Add  from  10  to  12  per  cent  to  above  prices. 


SEA   GREEN   ROOFING   SLATE 

Stages'  %r'''T'"^y  "^^d  in  many  of  the  Western 
andH  Z  u"'!'  ""'  P^nnanent,  but  it  is  strong 
and  durable.  For  low-cost  buildings  it  is  a  favorite  in 
many  localities  and  while  the  color  changes,  the  durL- 


203 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


bility  of  the  material   docs  not  seem    to   suffer       It 
makes  a  good  all-round  slate  roof. 


Price  per  Sciiiare 
Sizes  r.  O.  H.  Quarries 

2-«xi4 $:mo 

2-1x12 :m„ 

22x14 3.00 

22x12 3,0 

22x11 3  20 

20x12 3,0 

20x  10 3  90 

18x12 ;  3.i"o 

18x10 3.10 

18x    9 3.10 


Price  jMT  Scjiiiire 
Sizes  K.  O  H.  guarrles 

>«xl2 J3 

lOx  10 


.00 


.TCK) 


Hix  S    J 

14  X  10 .", 


3 .  00 


14  X  !» 

14  X  H. 

14  X  7. 

12  X  S. 


90 
.90 


2  90 
2.90 
2.70 
2  70 


Add  from  5  to  10  per  cent  to  these  prices. 

To  obtain  the  correct  meast-rement  of  a  surface  of  a 
;.?.:';".'"'•  "'"  !'^^'  --'-^  «f  -1-res  on  anv 


so  that  to  obtain  th 
descriptio"  required  to 


e  exact  number  of  slates  of  any 
cover  any  tjiven  surface  is  quite 


a  simple  matter.     Further  on   i   will  ^.ve  a  rule  for 
find.n,  tli^e  number  of  slates  required  f^r  cover?';,!;; 

differe/tllrt"^  '"'''  ^''''   ''''  ^^'"^''^^  ^'^  ^''-«t-  of 
different  thicknesses  per  square  foot  super. 

Slate  ^  of  an  i„ch  thick,  2.71  pounds  por  .quaro  foot 
S  at«  o  an  n,..|.  thick.  3.62  pown^.s  per  square  f"  ' 
Sla  e     I  o    an  n.ch  thick,  .5.4:^  j.oun.ls  ..cr  .s,  uarc  foo  '  ' 

S^a  e  J  ot  an  inch  thick,  7.25  po.n.Is  U  h,  „  I-  ^ 
Siule     i  of  an  ua.h  thick,  9.00  pound,  per  ..  uare  foo  .' 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  203 

Slute    i  of  an  .ml.  thick,  10.87  pounds  per  Hc,uare  foot. 
S  ato         ,n,.l.  tlH.k,   14.5  founds  prr  .square  foot. 
Saf,.  It  i.Hhos  thick.  lM.f,4  pounds  per  s,,uan.  foot 
MHc  I  J  ,„c|„.,  ,|,i,.k.  22.4K  iH.unds  ,.,.r  .s,„.are  .oot. 
hl.itc  '.    inches  thick,  30.00  ,jound.s  per  s.juare  foot. 

There  are  certain  rules  that  are  generally  recognized 
by  estimators  and    builders   for  the  measurement  of 
roofs,  whether  of   slate,   shingles  or  other  materials 
and  may  be  given  as  follows: 

For  plain  roofs,  measure  the  length  of  the  roof  and 
multiply  by  the  length  of  the  rafter. 

For  roofs  with  hips,  valleys,  gables,  dormers,  etc.. 
measure  each  section  through  the  center  and  multiply 
by  length  of  rafter,  and  in  addition  to  the  actual  sur- 
face of    the    roof,  measure  the 
length  of  all   hips  and  valleys, 
by  one  foot  wide.     No  deduc- 
tion is  made  for   dormer   win- 
dows, skylights,  chimneys,  etc., 
unless  they  measure  more  than 
4  feet  s(iuare.     If  more  than  4 
feet  square,  and  less  than  8  feet 
siiuare,  deduct  one-half;  if  more 
than  eight  feet  square,  deduct 
the  whole.    If  hips  are  mitered, 
charge  extra.   Ridge  rolls,  flash- 
ings, valleys,  etc.,  are  charged 
extra. 

The  names  given  to  ornamen- 
tal   slates     and    shingles     are  ^'S-  ^7 

•n^Fi"  ''V^'T''"  ""'  .""'■'"^"  ^^  ^'-"  ^"d  shown 
used  <^^^rup\.s   arc    among    those     most 

The  expert  slater,  at  the  present  writing,  receives 


J  i.' 


204  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

WJJO  per  d.y  of  nine  hours.  a„.l  he  is  supposed  to  lay 
h  m  ;i.'^""^'% »•--''•■"«  --ythin,.  is  handy  f.^ 
h  m.  Th  s  wape,  however,  may  be.  and  is,  only  «iven 
'"  a  few  ocaluies.  Jn  son,,  towns  it  is  less  ^.nd  i 
some  c.t.es.t  is  more;  -  that  the  estinutorsZ,; 
whenever  poss.hie.  obtain  local  prices  both  for  h  ; 
an,l  mater.al;  then  he  cannot  well  make  many  cLr  „ 
h.s  estimate  if  he  is  at  all  careful  ^  " 

may  not  be  out  of  place,  and  I  i^ivc  them  even  if  I  risk 
^^^^^^'■'^-'-'^-^  -I  have  given  n::Hy: 
amc*h,ce,n  previous  pat,r,s;    but  it  cannot   be  Ldven 
oooft.-n   to  the  youn,.  and   inexperienced   est.nn to 
{oMheom.ss.on  of  a  single  item  nlay  result  in^o!^ 

cJm'.tfof  th  "'  'V'7  ''-'r  ^^°— -■"«  to  make  an 
cst.matc  of  the  cost  of  a  job  of  work,  is  to  see  to  it  thai 

the  draw.ngs  and  specifications  be    carefully  s  udic!^ 

and  remarks  made  for  future  guidance  or  reterenc" 

thf'ex"!","'  B->^»y"-Take  the  dimensions  for 
nferTth:"t      -''"''"   '''""' '"'^  sections,  then 

PPe.    o      h    T    "''""  ""'    '^'^  whatever  does  not 
appear  on  the  drawings. 

Take  brick  work  as  above  directed 
s.ons  of  the  breasts;  reier  to  specifications  for  descrip- 

ar  Jhel  ""'"'"^  '"'  '""''""^  ^''''^  '^^>'  ^e  taken  with 

The  wood  bricks  and  springinir  nieces  m-,,,  K    *  1 
with  brick  arches.  ^  ^  ^""^  ^^  ^^^""^ 

Take  dimensions  by  the  foot  run  of  the  m^k.-^-r  „onH 
anu  restor.ngs  of  all  stone  sills,  after  mason!  etc' 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  205 

BUUr.-Take  from  the  plan  of  roof  and  section, 
then  refer  to  specification  and  clear  all  off 

In  the  b.ll  provide  for  leaving  all  slating  p.-rfect  at 
completion  of  the  work.  ' 

Carpenter. -Take  from  plans  and  sections,  referring 
to  spec.ficat.on.     Take  ..II   iron  attached  to   timbe.s 
P.nd  the  qnant.ty  of  boarding,  or  battening,  to  roof' 

tT     laL     i'f"''  'T"^"'  ^•^'^'^'^'  -"'■"^-.  ^^-.  from 
thcjatter,    ,f   much    discrepancy,   there  must    be   an 

rln!!rV'~'^'''^  ^'verything  from  specification,  refer- 
ng  to  drawmgs  only  for  lengths.     Be  careful  in  allow- 

round    rolls    flashing,   etc.   (refer  to   the  quantity  o 
boarding  to  flats,  etc..  as  a  check.) 

Maaon.-Take  from  specification,  referring  to  the 
drawings  only  for  dimensions.  Attend  to  the  cube 
quantities,  scantling  lengths,  etc.,  also  to  the  metl  d 
pointed  out  for  taking  labor. 

Joiner  and  Hardware. -Peruse  specification,  referring 
o  drawings    only  for    dimensions.      Take    hardwlr! 

oZ'rinrh  '"/""•      ''''"''''  ^°^  "^'"^   ^'-•-.   -" 
covering  handrai,    to    prevent    any   injury  during   the 

Provide  for  attending  plumbers   to  sinks,   cisterns, 
vv.  C,  etc.,  stating  how  many  of  each. 

Plasterer.  Internally. -Lo.,k  carefully  to  specification, 
particularly  as  to  enrichments,  referring  to  drawin- 
for  dimensions.  Whitening  and  coloring  is  taken  from 
plastering,  but  appears  separately. 


206 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


J^rovi,,e    for    making    good     „u„d    .an.els    after 

Painter. -All  taken  from  specification 
Ail  wood  work  painted   nay  be  collected   from   the 
jomer;    one-seventh   for  edges;    .vhen   both    si  K^  a  , 

Paper-Hanger.-May  be  taken  from  plasterer 
Summary  o    trades  in  order.     Conditions  of  iontract 
to  be  taken  from  specification,  and  furnished   in   the 
memorandum  sheet.  "^ 

lastly.-Generally  review  the  whole  of  the  drawinrxs 
r^teTrted:^^'^"^'  ^^"  ""^'""^  ^^  ^^  omittedTmi^! 


RULES,  TABLHS,  NOTES,  DATA,  AND  POINTERS  USEFUL 
TO  THE  ESTIMATOR 

selltdlo^^^^^^^^  tables,  data,  etc.,  have  been  specialiv 
use.ul  for  reference  and  for  making  hurried  approxi- 
mate estimates  of  work  in  detail  or  in  bulk.  ^  The 
■terns  are  carefully  indexed,  so  that  anv  p..rti.u!ar  one 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  20; 

of  them  may  be  found  without  much  loss  of  time-  a 
matter  of  considerable  importance  m  th     u 

after  all  are  not  of  mTchacttl  •''"''"''■•  ^'^''^'^ 

-;.but.bichareus::^;X:::i-^^:.-^ 


™„X  .KO  X„:CK.KSS  OP  CAST-rKO^   okmn-hphs 


"'  ^  'I^j  sook.H  !<>f  MfUil  Socket 


111. 
11 

3 


A verajfe  weight 
per  pipe 


III. 

1       ^'■ 

9 
9 
9 

'  ! 

9 
9 

-; 

9 
9 
9 

7  . 

9 
9 

« 1 

9 
9 

M 

9 
9 

'"  -I 

9 
9 

r 

9 
9 

12  . 

9 
12 

12 

i  ! 

12 

10 

i 

.7 
1  <t 

J 

7 
I  <> 

i 
§ 

i 

1  7 


5 


III. 

PWt. 

4 

1 

4 

1 

4 

1 

4 

1 

4 

2 

41 

') 

4i 

0 

4} 

2 

41 

2 

4i 

3 

4| 

3 

41 

3 

4* 

4 

4* 

4 

4i 

4 

4* 

5 

4 

5 

4 

6 

4i 

6 

4, 

7 

,) 

'       1 

( 

-•i 

8 

qr. 

1 

1 

2 

3 

0 

1 

2 

3 

3 

1 

1 

2 

0 
2 
2 
0 
2 
0 
2 

2 
3 
2 


11). 
12 
20 
14 
0 
0 
0 
0 
7 
14 
0 
0 
24 
7 
0 
0 
0 
24 
0 
14 
7 
14 
14 


Approximate 

weight  per 

foot  run 


cwt. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

6 

0 


2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

o 

2 
2 


qr. 

lb. 

U 

17 

0 

18 

0 

20 

0 

22 

0 

25 

1 

0 

1 

3 

1 

7 

1 

8 

1 

12 

1 

12 

I 

18 

I 

23 

0 

0 

fi 

15 

19 

26 

11 

18 

25 

2o8 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


TABLE   SHOWING   NUMBER   OF   BRICKS    IN   WALLS   OF 
VARIOUS   THICKNESSES 


?/'"•.";  „r4  pin.  nrf;'"'-" 


31J 

o;i 

94J 
120 

'•">"* 

2l'0i 
252 

2h:h\ 

315 
34(iii 

409}! 
441  I 
472} 
504 
5.J5}I 
567  I 
598}- 
630  I 
945   1 
1260   1 
1890  '  2 
2520  I  2 
3150   3 
3780   4 
4410  I  4 
5040 
5670 
:  6300 
12600 
18900 
25200 
31500 
37800 
44100 
50400  1 
56700  ' 
63000 


-;^xr:-._ii-  ""  luuuvn  u.iuuo  170000 

Brick  work  is  generally  measurer]   i.y  l.OoTb^ 
la.d   in  the  wall.     In  cons.,.,uence  of  vaWa  ions  in "L 
of  bncks,    no  rule  for  volume  of   laid   brxk   c.n   h 
ex^^^   The    following     scale    is.    ho^;.:!;   ^ ^:: 

2  :;o;;;i:::ri;±h^!"-''i-fJi3-!;;;:s 


2S  ,o.„ pressed  l.n.-ks  to  a  super.  f,M,t  |,S-i„ 
35  couiprcs«ed  bri.k.s  to  a  super,  foot  2'Ii,i 


Willi. 

•vail. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  ^ 

Corners  are  noe  measured  twice  as  in    . 
Openings  over  3  feef  «„„„     ""^'■^'^  '■•  stone  work, 
are  counted  from  .he  ',?„!"  T  ""'''"">■     Arches 
bricks  for  I.     Pillars  ar^"  I'*'  ""''''  """'«<'  H 

A  cu,>ic  yard  o"  mo  trrreruTef,?  h"*  'T  ""'•- 
and  9  bushels  of  lime,  and  fiTi    Oh  J  '"'  "'  """ 

^'XraC.r::,^;,:^?-  -  --^ 

brS:  "''""'^'='  '°°'  °'  «-<^^-<'  arches  requires  10 

on''flara:r,;„rck'"o'„  ':r  °'  "'"''■  -^^^  ^^  "*- 

average.  '^''^'^  P"  ^-I^are  vard.  on  an 

«i.l^-  an'd  ,.  incts   o  r^d  st'  T^'--  '""^  *  •"^''^ 
-K.  a  flue  8  inches  wi^tTud  !,•  ^et^l'^"'"  "''" 

SAFE   BEARING   LOADS 

Brickwork—  ^^^'^'^   ^^^  '^'■°'''K   MASONRY 

^'ut\  ''!"■•  V  •'•'»'■''  '"  J""«  mortar  ^*''-  P^'  '^l-  '"• 

Masonry—  Ptineiit  inortar 15Q 

tJrariito,  capstoiio. 

>^quarpd  stoiipwork. 700 

band.stonfi,  rap.stone   .    350 

^qiiare.1  stonework .     350     ' 

■xiiiaro.l  .«toi„.uork 500 

^«oriv,  iiani(.,st  i„  „.,,ivp  |,,,,i  Tons  jx-r  .sr,.  foot 

i-4Ual  to  be«t  A«l.lar  ..Kusonry i"<>- 

•^    ^6-40 


210  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

Foundntinn  Soilft —  „ 

^Jv|.mlt«l„vf  brick Ton.  por«,.  foot. 

Clay,  dry,  ill  thick  hods.  .  Tr 

Moderately  dry,  in  thick  beds.'  .  .' oIa 

,  ''^oft j_7, 

Gravel  and  coarse  sand,  well  cemented s-fo 

hand,  compact  and  well  cemented  '      "  4_fi 

Clean,  dry ., _" 

Quicksaud," alluvial  soils,  etc .■.........'..'.'.,"  .^i 

EXCAVATIONS 

Excavations  are  measured  by  the  yard  (•.>:  cubic 
feet),  and  irrefT„la.  depths  or  surfaces  are  generaliv 
averaged  in  practice. 

MASONRY 

Stone  masonry  is  measured  by  two  systems,  Quarry, 
man's  and  Mason's  Measurements. 

By  the  Quarryman's  Measurements  the  actual  con- 
tents are  measured;  that  is,  all  openings  are  taken  out 
and  all  corners  are  measured  single. 

By  Mason's  Measurements,  corners  and  piers  are 
doubled,  and  no  allowance  made  for  openings  less 
than  3x5  feet  and  only  half  the  amount  of  openings 
larger  than  3x5  feet. 

Range  work  and  cut  work  is  measured  superficially 
and  in  addition  to  wall  measurement. 

An  average  of  six  bushels  of  sand  and  cement  per 
perch  of  Rubble  Masonry. 

Stone  walls  are  measured  by  the  perch  (24f  cubic 
feet).  Openings  less  than  3  feet  wide  are  counted 
solid;  over  3  feet  deducted,  but  18  inches  are  added  to 
the  running  measure  for  each  jamb  built. 

Arches  are  counted  solid  from  their  spring.  Corners 
of  buildings  are  measured  twice.  Pillars  less  than  3 
feet  are  counted  on  3  sides  as  lineal,  multiplied  by 
fourth  side  and  depth. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  2„ 

It  is  customary  to  measure  all  foundation  ind  Him.n 
s.on  stone  by  the  cubic  foot.     Water  tabl^r    hT 
courses   by  lineal   feet      All  ■•„,,'       ^""^   ^^^^^ 
by  suoerficinl   f  ,  ^"'^^  ^nd  Imtels  or  ashlar 

by^s^uperfical   feet,  an.l   no  wall    less   than   18   inches 

The  height  of  brick  or  stone  piers  should  not  exceed 
12  tmies  their  thickness  at  the  base 

•n ''rT";Lbic"f"1I\"""""'  ''  ''^  P^'-h   (contain. 
i^^ZZ'Z;-  "^"^"^  -'--^'  'y  ^^^  cubic  yard 
Lement,  1  bushel,  and  sand,  2  bushels    will  cover  'U 
3^s,.a,.  yards  J  inch  .hick,  and  4}  .,nare  yards  .' i^c^h 

THE    PROPORTION   OF   STOCK    RRirvc    Av-r. 

aiuuK    CRICKS   AND    MORTAR    TO 

A    ROD   OF    BRICKWORK 


. 


inch!  ■"  •'  '"'^  '"^'^•^^^^  IG  '"•  -  9  i"-  X  9  in. 

Initio  will  hold  20  bricks 
Ditto,  ditto  i  ■  abic  foot  of  n.ortor. 


129fi  cubic 


212 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


Ditto,  ditto  k  I -isiu-l  nearly. 

The  proportions  of  lime,  sand,  or  cement  required  for  a  rod  of 
brickwork  are: 

Of  white  stone  lime 26  ) 

Sand 78  i  Cubic  Feet. 

(Irav  lirtie 36 "1 

Sand 72  i  ^^^^''  ^'"*'<'<^- 

Blue  lin»c 38  ) 

Sand 77  )  Cubic  Feet. 

Roman  or  Portland  cement 4.5  / 

Sand 4r,\  Cubic  Feet. 

One  rod  of  brickwork  n^iuires  12G  gallons  of  water  to  slake 
the  lime  and  mix  tlie  mortar. 

A  load  of  Mortar  =  1  cubic  yard,  and  will  fdl  30  hods. 

Mortar  i)ro<luced 
<   ■  •   1    1       1    ,     r    .  ,       ■  '"  '^^"l>'c  feet. 

1  imperial   buplicl  of   blue  lime,  unslaked,  weigli- 

iiig  70  lbs N 

2  imperial  bu.shcls  of  sand,  weighing  103  lbs [  2.75 

GJ  gallons  of  water ) 

1  imperial  bushel  of  blue  lime,  unslaked \ 

3  imperial  bushels  of  sand '  3 .  25 

7 J  gallons  of  water ) 

1   imperial  bushel  of  Portland  cement,  weighing, 

99  lbs 

1  imperial  l)ushel  of  sand,  weighing  103  lbs.  ....  .  j"  *  -75 

3|  gallons  of  water J 

1  imperial  busliel  of  Portland  cement -> 

2  imperial  bushels  of  .sand [2.58 

5\  gallons  of  water J 

1  imperial  bushel  of  Portland  cement j 

3  imperial  bushels  of  sand >  3.42 

(>]  gallons  of  water ; 

1  imperial  bushel  of  Roman  cement,  weighing  72  ■) 

•bs [1.125 

O.J  gallons  of  water ) 

Note; — The  mortar  produced  weighed  106  lbs. 

1  imperial  l)ushel  of  Roman  cement 

1  imperial  bushel  of  sand  (103  lbs) [l  .704 

9  J  gallons  of  water 

Note: — The  mortar   weighed   196  lbs. 


i7'--^V' 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


213 


Conrrpto  produced 
1  imperial  bushel  of  Portla„d  cement  '"  '"'"'  '**' 

1  mipcrial  bashe!  of  .s,one.  l,roken  small ] 

i  imperial  bushel  of  sand '  2.08 

■ii  Rallons  of  water  I 

i'';::",:iiir:r,:r  """'""•■"'»"•  «-'■"  «< 

Hnck  nopgmg  ref|uirc.s— 
P.'r  yard  superficial,  45  stock  bricks  laid  flat 
1  or  yard  superficial,  30  stock  bricks  on  e.lge 

IS   DEPTH    OR    LENGTH 


Half  Bhick  Thki 


NumlM  r  of  I'.ricks 


I.aiil  in 
Mortar 


I.aiil 
Ury 


1 


.0 
1.3 
l.fi 
19 
•2.0 
2  3 
2.0 
3.0 
3.6 
4.0 
4.6 
5.0 
5.6 
6.0 
6.6 
7.0 
7.6 
8.0 
8.6 
9.0 
10.0 


28 
33 
3S 
43 
48 
53 
58 
68 
79 
89 
100 
110 
120 
130 
140 
150 
160 
170 
ISO 
191 
212 


23 
07 

31 
35 
41 
44 
48 
57 
65 
73 
82 
90 
98 

107 

115 

123 

131 

140 

J48 

156 

174 


OSK   liHlIK  Till,  K 


Cubic  Feet 
of  Brick- 
work 

r6198~ 

1.8145 

2.2089 

2.5035 

2.7979 

3.0926 

3.3870 

3.9760 

4.5651 

5.1541 

5  7432 

6  3322 
6.9213 
7.5103 
8.0994 
8.aS84 
9.2775 
9 .  8firi.'; 

10.4556 
11.0446 
12.2227 


Number  of  Brick.s 


I-aid 
nry 

70 
80 
90 
102 
112 
122 
132 
154 
174 
194 
214 
234 
254 
276 
296 
316 
336 
358      ! 
378     I 
398 
438 


I^id  in 
Mortar 

58 

66 

74 

82 

92 

100 

108 

126 

14;^ 

159     I 

176 

192 

209 

220 

242 

260 

276 

308 
326 
360 


Cubic  I'cct 

of  Br](  k- 

work 

4. 1233 ~ 

4.7124 

5.3015 

5  8905 

6  4795 
7.0()86 
7.6577 
Sr8357 

10J»139 
11.1919 
12.3701 
13  5481 
14.7263 
15.9043 
17.0825 
18.2605 
19.4387 

20.0167 

21 . 7949 

22.9729 

25.3291 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


THE    THICKNESS   OF    WALLS    FOR    DWELLLNG    HOUSES- 
BRICK 


Maxiniuiii  Heifjlit  =  KM)  fwt. 
Maxiinuii;  Lengtli. 


45  fort. 


,  liulics 

J  wo  storifs  of  2n 
'I'lirce  stories  of  17  j 
IJciiiaiiiiier.  ...  13 


NO  fci't. 


Inches 
I  v.o  ;:torics  of  12(} 
Two  stories  of  I'l  J 
Two  stories  of  ITJ 
Keiiuiiiuier.  ...  13 


I'liliiiiileJ. 

Inches 
One    story    of    :Ht 
Two  stories  of  liO 
Two  stories  of  21  J 
Two  stories  of  17  J 
Heiiiaimler.  ...  18 


Ma.xinuiiii   Height  =  90  feet. 
Ma.xiiiuiiii   Leiigtii. 


45  feet. 


Inches 
Two  stories  of  21  i 
Two  storiis  of  17i 
Heiiiaiiider.  ...  13* 


70  feet. 


rnliiiiited. 


Inches 
One    story    of    2t) 
Two  sioriis  of  2H 
Two  stories  of  17J 
Heinainder.  .  .  .  13* 


Inches 
One    story    of    30 
Two  stories  of  26 
One    story    of    2lJ 
Two  stories  of  17t 
Heniainder.  ...  13" 


Ma.ximuin  Ileiglit  =  S' 
Ma.xiiiiuni  Lcngtli. 


feet. 


40  feet. 


Inches 
One  story  of  21} 
Two  stories  of  nj 
Hemaindcr.  ...  13" 


()0  feet. 


Inches 
Two  stories  ot  21  h 
Two  stories  of  17J 
Jfcniainder.  ...  13 


rnliniited. 


Inches 
One    story    of    20 
Two  stories  of  21 1 
Two  storie.s  of  171 
Ueiiiainder.  .  .  .  L3' 


Maxinumi  Height  =  70  feet. 
Maxiinuiu  Length. 


40  feet. 


Inches 
1  wo  stories  of  17J 
Keniaind»>r.  ...  13 


.5.5  feet 


Unlimited. 


Inches 
One  story  of  2U 
Two  stories  of  17  j 
Remainder.  ...  13 


I 


Inches 
One    story    of    26 
Two  .stori'e.s  of  21  § 
One    .storv    nf    17J 
Heniainder   ...  13 


i^rt  ik-qk:-.;^! 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 

Maximum  UviRht  =  00  f,.pt. 
^ Muxiiiiiim  Loiijitli 


215 


Inches 


no    Mory    ol     17J      T  tori.w  o"f"V7A  I  r>  .  '"'^•"'s 

'u<^r I. J         j„.„  storifs  of  17j 

Kciiiaiiulcr.  .  .  .  I3 


30  f,.,.t 


Maximum   Ilcipl.t  =  50  feet. 
JIaximum   Lenptli. 


iir   I,   ,     ,  Inches 

"all  I.eiow  the 
topmost   story    13 


4.5  feet. 


-,  Inches 

One    storv    of    I7i 
Kest  of  wall  I.eiow' 


Unlimited. 


lopmost  sforv      Kl    I      t  ,  ,     ...     ., 


/ ,  .  Inches 

One    story    of    21 J 

One    story    of    17^ 


Ht'niainder.  . '.  .    sj 

Maximum  Heicht  =  40  feet. 

Maximum  -Length. 

■■ir,  feet. 


Wall     l.elow     ,wo     topn.osr""^ 


storie> 


Two  topmost  stori.^s  of    '  "   XJ 

iu'mamder.  ,  .  '  '  '  '   2? 

"2 


Maximum  Height  =  .30  feet. 
Maximimi  Lenfrth. 


One  storv  of  '"{"ll^ 

Host  of  wallhelow  topmost     * 
storv |« 

Toptimst  storv ui 

Hemainder   .:        J^r 


Wall  below  two  topmost  sto-""' 

ries 

Two  lopmost  stories'  '"         «i 
Iu'mamder j^f 


Wall  below  topmost  stor;"''l3'' 
iopmo.st  storv  «i 

Hemainder.  ■'.....'.'.[','.["   gt 


Maximum  Height  =  2r,  feet. 
Maximum  I.eno-th. 


Vmm  b;i.s 


Inch 


'«e  to  lop  of  wail.  .  ."sT  |   ^y-ill  bein,,.  ♦^          .          '"'■'"■s 
2  I    "  ail  l)elow  topmost  storv     13 
ropmost  story. .  ci 

Hem.nitider  o? 


fismsi-.i^ar'.^ua'^ir  v^s- jff 


c.f'.  a 


2l6 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


THE   THICKNESS   OF   WALLS    FOR    WAREHOUSES-«R,CK 


Mnximum 
llriKhl 
in  int 

KM) 
00 
SO 
70 
<M) 
SO 
40 
80 
25 


Miixiiniim 
in  ffft 

55 
00 
•45 
30 
35 
40 
30 
45 


ill  fftt 


■|lM<kri.'.s,s  Miixiniiim 
ut  Has)' 
in  inchff 

•-'(i 

211 

17} 

17J 

17< 

i.r 

13 


70 
70 
))0 
45 
50 
70 
00 


'a!' h1'4''i  ","""".""1  ■ri'i'l^nr.ss 
III  M,iw        LciiKtii        at  Hasi- 


30 

30 

2(i 

21} 

21* 

21} 

17} 


-3 
c  - 


34 

31 

30 

26 

26 

2(i 

21} 

17} 

13 


The  thickness  of  th.  walls  at  the  top  for  ware- 
houses, and  for  IG  feet  below  the  top.  shall  =  13  inlhe!- 
and  the  ,ntern.ediate  parts  of  the  wall,  between  the 
base  and    such    10   feet    below    the    top     to   be   solid 

.chtdry^h  ^P^^r^'^--  straight  ^ines  drawn  on 
each  side  of  the  wall  from  the  base  to  the  part  10  feet 
below    he  top,  as  above  determined;    but  in  walls  no 
exceedme  ;J()  feet  in  heitrhf  thr^=  .  ^f  .u    . 
may  be  4  inches  thick  ''  "'  '''"  ^°P""^^  ^^°'->' 

oi^tZT"^r\  'l^"  '■""""^'^^  ^^  one-sixteenth  part 
of  the  height  of  the  story  for  dwelling  houses  and  to 
one-fourteenth  part  for  warehouses,  in  case    he  thick 

rh^tptr;;^^ ''''-  ^---  ^^^^-^^  '^ss^tLt 

thi'^knet'L'f  1^'^"  Y'"'l''  ^'^'  '^■^^-  ^^  ^'  ^-''^^  the 
thickness  of  the  wall,  to  diminish  in  regular  offsets 

and^  to  be  equal  i„  height  to  one-half  of'the  wid4  aj 


1,.  '. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  217 


ROOFS  GKNKRAI.LY 
SHiN(;MNa 
To  find  the  numlKT  of  shinfr|es  rcquirc-cl  to  cover  100 
quare  feet  deduct  .J  inches  from  the  length,  divll  th^ 
rema.nder  by  ...  the  result  will   be  the  exposed  it^  h 
o        sh.ngle;    mult.plyin.r  this  by  the  aJera.^e  width 
of  a  sh,n,,de,   the   product   will   be   the  exposed    -xrei 
D.v.d.ng  14.400.    the   runnber  of   s.p.are   .^ndK-s   i ,  a 
square,  by  the  exposed  area  of  a  shin.le  wi     give    he 
number  re.pnred  to  cover  100  s,,uare  ftet  of  roS 

In  estuiiat.ng  the   number  of  shingles  required    an 
allowance  should  always  be  made  for  waste 

perS:;:i::,r"^^'^''-'^^-^^-^ -••>'-- 


TABI.K    FOR    ESTIMATIXr.   SHINOr.Ks 


I^nirth  of 

'SIllMKll'S 


Kxrx'suriMo 

Wi-athcr 

liirlic,'- 


'^"lSll.i!!!S£::-^-;vx^t^i^ 


6  in.  Wide 

4 

in.  Widi- 

167 

9(H) 

•2()H 

720 

250    • 

f)(tO 

2JM 

514 

.{.{.•J 

450 

SLATING 

A  square  of  slate  or  slating  is  100  superficial  feet. 

widest  pin"  H^^^  "'■'/,'  °'  ^"^^'^■^'■^  '^"^-^^^  the 
wiacst  part.      Hips,   valleys  and    cuttings   are    to  he 

measured  lineal,  and  .  inches  extra  is  allo'vled 

The  thjckness  of  slates  required  is  from  3-1.  to  5-16 

45  tor*      '"^  ^h^-'^^-'ghe  varies  when  lapped  from 
4.5  to  Cf  pounds  per  square  foot. 


msim^iamE^ 


2>8  HODGSON'S  KSTIMATOR 

The  -laps"  .,f  slates  vary  fr„m  2  t„   t  Inches   the 
standard  assumed  to  be  .J  inches. 

TO    COMPUTE    THK    NUMUEK    O.   sr.ATKS   OK   A   r.lVUS   S,ZF 
RKyUIKKI)    J'KK    SOUAKE 

Subtract    3    inches   from    th.,-    knjjth    of   thr   slate 
rnult.piy  the  remaind..  l>y  .he  width  and  diviue  t    ' 

will  be  th-  number  of  slates  required. 

TAM.E  SHOWING  NUMMEK  OF  SLATES  ANH  .-OUNOS  OK  N  m,  s 
RKOUIRHD  TO  COVEK   IC«  SyUAKK   KEET  OK  KOOk'        " 


■  Ucqilin-il 

Nails  liiiiuirfd 

S.i 

.(>     ll>s. 

n  t 

.  s:i:i 

Wis 

1 

l(i') 

1  33 

214 

1.5 

1'77 

•) 

377 

-'  CO 

".:{;} 

3  S 

APPROXIMATE   WEIGHT   OK    MATERIALS    FOR  ROOFS 

Material  Av(rai,'(>  wciKlu  ||). 

Corrugated  Ralvanized  iron    So.  L'O,  u.il.oarde.l        "" '"'  n 

Copper    16  oz.  vtan.ii-.K  ^sourn.  ,            """O'^'-^kI  .'} 

I'elt  and  asphalt,  w,;  ..ut  slieathing \i 

Ghuss,  J  uioh  thick  .  .                        ^ 2 

HeniWk  sheathing,  1  mihthick \^ 

Lead,  about  i  inch  thick .              ^- 

l.ath-and-phi«t«r  ceiling  (ord'iuarv) . ^*"  ^ 

Mack.te    1  n.ch  thick,  with  plaster.      «  '"  « 

Aeponsct  roohng  felt,  2  layers          '" 

Spruce  sheathing.  1  inch  thick '.'. J, 

Mate.  ,V  inch  thick.  3-inch  doul.le  lap r!| 

S  at*.  J  ,nch  thick,  3-inch  doul.le  lap'^ "  "  ^\ 

Rulfl'^f'  TV"'  ^  *°  "•'■"t'"^'-  •  •  •      • '1^ 

kg  ^fr4?piv^'  - '"  ^  "'^^'-  '"'-^"^"'K  f™»c. ;:::::  4 1^  ^o 
■^ 4 


AND  CONTRACiOR'S  GUIDE 


219 


Material 


Averair*  welKht  lb. 
"  "  ng-  ft. 


jH-r  I 


Teriio  j,  at.-.  [('.  without  Hlu.athiiiK 
.;ni..  I  Mat.'.  ..\,  without  MicathhiK I 

Til.-H  (SpanLsh),  Vji-  I  i,,*-  __  7  .  l^  *"'''" H 

vvi  :>       ■         1        .  ''  5  '4     to  weutiier  ui 

\\  h  t.-p,,,..  sh.>athiMK,   1   inrh  thick  ni 

i  Hlow-puio  shfuthinj;,  1  inch  tliifk .  ..'.'.'.'.■.' 4* 

SNOW   AND   WIND    LOADS 

Data  in  regard  to  snow  and  wind  loads  are  neces- 
sary  ,n  connection  with  the  design  of  roof  trusses. 

Snow  Load.-V\hen    the  slope  of  a  roof  is  over  12 
n  he.,  nse  per  foot  of   horizontal   run.   a   snow   and 
acu   ental   load  of  S  pounds  per  square  foot  is  ample 
When   the  slope   .s  under  12   inches  rise  per  foot  o 
run.   a   snow  and  accidental   load  of   U   pounds   per 
square  foot  should  be  used.     The  snow  load  acti  ver- 
.ca  ly.  and  therefore  should  be  added  to  the  dead  load 
>n  designing  roof   trusses.      The   snow   load  may  be 
neglected  when  a  high  wind  pressure  has  been  consid! 

a  I  fh  '''  ""  ^T'  '"T^  "''''"'  '^■""''^  '-'-'y  ''•^^'y  remove 
all  the  snow  from  the  roof. 

Wind  load  -The  wind  is  considered  ts  blowing  in  a 
horizontal  direction,  but  the  resulting  pressure  Ipon 
the  roof  IS  always  taken  .or.u^/  (at  right  angles)  lo^S" 


slope.      Th( 


le  wind   pressure   against   a  vertical   plane 
depends  on   the  velocity  of  the  wind,  and   as  ascer^ 

VasM  '^r'^M^^'r '  "'^^'-'^  ^■■^-'  Service'at  Mount 
Washington,  N.  H.,  is  as  follows: 

.Velocity  Prewnrp 

10 (\    A 

20  ,   c "esli  breeze. 

to Stiff  »,-<.,.-„ 


30  o  fl ^^^^  breeze. 

40.      fi  1 Stroiij?  wind. 

an  .,,„ Hiirli  wind. 

60;:::::::: I^-J Storm. 

80 ■  ■  ■   oVr Violent  storm. 

100 ; ; ; 40  S Hurricane. 

^"-^ Violent  hurricane. 


a^A 


220 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


h  JAl'".'"''  ^'"""'T  "P^"  ^  cylindrical  surface  is  one- 
half  ^that  upon  a  flat  surface  of  the  same  height  and 

Since  the  wind  is  considered  as  traveling  in  a  hori- 
zonta  id.rect.on.  it  is  evident  that  the  more'nearly  "  . 
t.cal  the  slope  of  the  roof,  the  greater  will  be  the 
pressure,  and  the  more  nearly  horizontal  the  slope 
the  less  w,ll  be  the  pressure.  The  following  tab  e 
g  ves  the  pressure  exerted  upon  roofs  of  different 
slopes,  by  a  wind  pressure  of  40  pounds   per  sc.uare 

sity  to  a  Violent  hurricane. 


WIND   PRESSURES   ON    ROOFS 
(Pounds  per  Siiuarc  Foot) 


Rise 

In.  fXT  J'oot  of 

Run 


4 
6 
8 
12 
16 
18 
24 


Angle  with 
Horizontal 


IS  2.5' 

'2()  .•J.I' 

3.3  41' 

4.5"  ()' 

r,:i  7' 

5(5  20' 

63  27' 


Pitrh 
Proport  ion  of 
Rise  to  S|)tin 


Willi!  Pressure 
Normal  to  .SIoi)e 


4 
i 


IG 

.,S 

2." 

7 

29 

1 

30 

I 

3S 

7 

3!» 

3 

»() 

0 

weight ofr  ''"*"'  r"'  ^"°"  '°^^-^  "P-  '•-f^.  the 
weigh    of  the  principals  or  roof  trusses,  including  the 

other  features  of  the  construction,  should  be  figured  in 

over  oO  feet,  and  not  required  to  support  anv  ceiling 
the  weight  of  the  steel  construction  may  be  taken  a    5 
pounds  per  square  foot;  for  greater  spans.  ,  pound  pe 
^uare^footshould  be  added  for  each  lUfej;incl^ 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  221 

COMPARATT"      ,  o«T   OF   ROOFS 

It  Often  happens  f  r,c  nn  esfin.a:,  •  is  asked  as  to  the 
d.rfer.nce  ,n  the  co, '  ,.  roofs,  ard  on  'his  answer  the 
construction  of  the-  -,-  .av  depend;  therefore  ii 
necessary  that  he  should  be  able  to  give  his  answer  with 
ome  degree  of  .ntelligence  and  exactness;  and  the 
follow.ng,  to  some  extent,  will  enable  him  to  do  this 
For  instance,  take  a  "span  roof."  by  which  we  mean 

ngth  of  the  rafter  be  10  feet,  and  that  of  the  roof 
from  edge  to  edge  be  U  feet. 

Then  it  contains  on  each  side  a  trifle  over  7  squares 
of  100  superficial  feet  each.  squares 

If  the  roof  is  to  be  slated  or  tinned  it  will  require 
the  sheathmg  to  be  laid  close,  and  with  what  is  called 

match  mill-planed  timber."  which  is  provided  with 
tongue  apd  groove,  and  need  not,  as  the  name  implies, 
be  mill-planed,  although  it  usually  is 

We  next  come  to  consider  the  cost  of  sheathing, 
na.l.,    and    labor   required    in    putting   it    on.    which 
approximately,  is  as  follows: 

PREPARING    FOR   SLATE   OR   TIN   ROOF 

'^'''"e;'^;;,^  '"  P""'"«  '«'^"-'«"-'  -^  so  cents*'''  ^'^ 
Nails  for  fastening  sI.eatl.inK  boards .' .' .      .'  ; .'     f '^ 

Total  cost.  " ■ 

115.00 

SLATE   ROOF 

We  find  the  cost  of  the  slate  roof  to  wit: 
I*or  proparinK  for  roof,  ...  tin  nn 

for  7  '^luares  of  .slating,  i.-eluding  lahor,' material.       ^^ 
-I...  .11.  s.\^  per  gijuurc 84.00 

^°'"*^°«* is^^ 


miii^^- 


222  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  total  cost  of  7  squares 
s  uare'"^  ^^^^regates  a  cost  of  g'JD.oo.  or  SU.lo  per 

TIN    ROOF 

Since  the  work  of  preparing  for  the  tin  roof  is  the 
same  as  for  slate,  we  add  to  it  the  cost  for  tin  and 
painting  as  follows: 

For  preparing  for  roof.  ...  %}\  nn 

For  7  squares  of  ti,.  work  at  75  cent .s  per  square 

ineluduiK  material  ami  laJ)or  '  50  rg 

For  78  yards  of  paint,  2-coat  work,  at  Vs  cents     ^ " 

P^'-"'^'-'^ :    11.70 

Total  post.  .  ' 

$79.20 

will  cost  S.<J.20,  or  a  trifle  over  §11.31  per  square. 

SHINGLE    ROOF 

In  estimating  the  amount  of  sheathing  required  for 
a  shingle  roof,  we  bear  in  mind  the  fact  thatlt  will  no 

in'chT^T  ''  'T  '""'^  ^'^"^  ^°^^''her;  but  strips  3 
mches  wide  can    be  used,   and   if  so,   it  will   require 

as  for  the  slate  or  tin  roof.     Hence  the  following  i 
the  approximate  estimate  of  cost. 

300  feet  of  slieathing  at  $12.50  per  M  8  3  7'; 

Labor  required  in  putting  .same  on  ,   »= 

Nails  for  sheathing,  etc " 

7.000  shingles,  nails  and  labor  at  $7  per  square .' .' .' .'  49  ^OO 

Total  cost. 

$54.30 

Thus  the  cost  of  7  squares  of  shingling  will  a^ere 
gate  <?.')4,3n   or  a  trin,-  -»•  ,-  c-  --  ^ggre- 

&        »      '  ^'  '-'^ 'i  "'''<- <->v«.i  i,,  .,u  per  square. 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 

COMPOSITION    ROOF 


223 


Now  suppose  that  the  slope  of  the  roof  permitted 
the  surface  to  be  covered  with  eravel  nr  _^'''"'!"^^ 
roofin,,  then  the  sheathin,  ntd'Tot  bT,  raT:^ 
fully  as  for  tm  or  slate,  and  an  inferior  quality  of  iZ 
ber  can  be  used;  the  only  requirements 'being  tha  the" 
surface  must  be  level  and  smooth 

folL"''  a  case   the  estimate  of  cost  would  be  as 

700  feet  of  sheathing  at  $12.50  per  M  .07= 

I  "tt.ng  on  san.c  at  3.5  cents  per  square.'  [.'.y-^  2  45 

AaiLs  for  .slieatliiiig,  etc 

7  .squares  roofing  material  etn    «j\^„, *  '^ 

"        ^"'"'  '-te.,  $4  per  square. ...   28  GO 


Total  cost . 


.$40.20 


Making  the  cost  of  7  squares  amount  to  S40.20 
trifle  over  S5.U  per  square. 


or  a 


Slate  on  iron  purlins 


Mo;alVu;ti:r        12.00  to  $7.00  per  sq. 

Metal  tile,  steel,  lead:coated  .' lo't  !'  '''    '"'  ^^• 

^*"''''- roofing I'mtVi^l'"""''- 

Felt  and  gravel f^^""    ^"^^  P^-"  «*!• 


6.50 


( >rnaniental  tile  .^  P*""  ^^■ 

Tile  shingles       ^^'^  ^"^  ^'^  P«r  M- 

Charcoal  tin  plates'  IC   'i-i  von  !  "  "  '  -^'-^^  *«  ^^.OO  per  M. 

..,_„       ,""P"^t«s.IC..14X20.ns.  .    G.OO  to    6.50  per  box  of  112. 


5.50  per  box  of  1 12. 

11.50  to  12.(H)  per  box  of  112. 

per  box  of  112. 

per  box  of  112. 

00  per  box  nf  II 2 

Charcoal  plate,  terne:i:x:'20xS;;;^'l2^  per  boxof  112! 

,x..v.,.ux-»uia.lj.80  perboxofll2. 


Coke  plates,  tin,  I.P.,  20x2.8  ins 
Coke  pl.,t*s,  tin,  I.X.,  14X20  ins.  ...    ,  ^^ 
C  harcoa  plate,  terne,  I.C.,  14  x20  ins    550 
Charcoa  plate,  terne,  I.C.  20X28  ins  10.75  to  11 
Umr-oal  plate,  (erne,  I.X.,  14  X  20  ins    f.  40 


TT 


224 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


FLAT   SEAM    TIN    ROOFING 


Table  sJiowinR  quantity  of  14"  v  on"  f  ;„  ,„   •  i  . 
Kiv.-M  ,n„MlM.r  of  square  feTt  with  fl'l      ^  ^"'""'''^  *°  ^'''■'*''  "* 


C  : 

Z  : 


lOi) 

50 

2S0 

no 

()5 

290 

120 

70 

.300 

I.W 

7(i 

310 

140 

82 

320 

J  50 

88 

330 

160 

94 

340 

170 

100 

35(t 

ISO 

105 

3()0 

190 

111 

370 

200 

117 

3S0 

210 

128 

390 

220 

129 

400 

230 

135 

410 

240 

140 

4:>0 

250 

140 

430 

TjO 

152 

440 

270 

158 

450 

5  = 
X  5 


104 

170 

175 

181 

1S7 

193 

199 

205 

210 

216 

222 

228 

234 

2  to 

245 

251 

257 

2(i3 


c  . 


400 

470 

480 

490 

500 

510 

520 

530 

540 

550 

560 

570 

580 

590 

600 

610 

620 

630 


h_ 

269 

275 

280 

286 

292 

298 

304 

309 

315 

321 

327 

333 

339 

344 

350 

356 

.3(i2 

368 


o  . 


640 

650 

660 

670 

680 

690 

700 

710 

720 

730 

740 

750 

760 

770 

780 

790 

800 

810 


~   3 


374 

379 

385 

391 

397 

403 

409 

414 

420 

426 

432 

438 

444 

449 

455 

461 

467 

473 


c  1^ 

6", 


820 

S30 

840 

850 

860 

870 

880 

890 

900 

910 

920 

930 

940 

950 

960 

970 

980 

990  ! 


1000  square  feet  583  sheets. 
A  box  of  112  sheets  I4''x20»  will 
square  feet. 


479 

484 

490 

496 

502 

508 

514 

519 

525 

531 

537 

543 

549 

554 

560 

566 

572 

578 


cover  approximately  192 


STANDING   SEAM   TIN   ROOFING 

Table  showing  quantity  of  20''x28»  tin  rennim^  +« 
give,,   number  of  square  feet  with  ^t,   ^  ^  '^''^'^''  " 

standing  sean.s  and  tlTln  l-  "^'"^^  '''''*"'   '"'""^"K.     The 

width  and   r  off    he  1       ^"  °;'  '1  ''""P  '"^^  ""'•"'^  2r  off  the 

'  '    ^  ^""  ""''■     ^  «''««t  w.ii  cover  475  square  inches 


f-'^y 


M 


h^i 


*'  1^^^ 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


2?5 


1000  square  feet  303  sheets. 
.quaV'leel'*'''  ^^"  ''"'''  '^''^''''  ""''"  '°''""  '^PP^^^i'^^tely  370 

It  must  be  understood  that  the  figures  given  in  the 
foregoing  are  not  considered  as  being  correct  or  suited 
to  all  localities;  they  may  be  taken  as  appro  cimately 
exact,  but  )n  all  cases  the  percentage  of  difference  in 
cost  may  be  taken  as  fairly  correct,  and  it  ib  this  result 
for  which  the  tables  were  prepared. 


.MJ^:SSK^-.:.JB':t-X 


226 


liii 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


SPFXIFIC  GRAVITY  AND  WKIGHTS 

BUILDIXG    MATERIALS 

Name  of  Mut.Tial                           ^["''v'"  Z"''  Sp'cific 

IWck,  .•oiiinion     ,. '•''"  -'-10 

Cement,  Portland     '■'"*  -W 

Cement,  Hoscdal,. *^°  '*"  '"^  1 ,44 

Co'nmoMl.rickuork,;on.ont  mortar       m  o'^ 

fomn.on  brickwork,  Iin.,,„ortar              f  f  '" 

Concrete  cement                                          '-"  190 

E-irtli,  dry,  shaken. ^^   '"'"  2.  2.5 

Karth,  rammed              ■*<-  to  02  1 .36 

GIa,s,s,  window.  .  ; ^"  *°  ^''^  152 

Granite.  .              l-''?  2.. 52 

Granite  or  lin,estone,rul.l.lo  work'          JS  '  ^' 

Gran.te  or  lin.e.stone.  well  dressed  '          I A  '  ''' 

I-ne.stonc.sand„mrl,les                            J'  2.«5 

l^ime.  Quick.  ...                ^"'^  2.70 

Mortar,  hardened '^^  85 

Plaster  of  pari.s..         ^^^  i.gS 

Pre.s.sed  brickwork ^^^'^  -27 

S^nd 140  2.2.5 

Sandstone    90  to  106  2,05 

Shiiles.  ..         151  2.41 

Slate...."'" - 162  2.fi0 

Trap  Rock. ^''•''  2. SO 

187  3.00 

WOODS    (DRY) 

Name  of  Material               „  WoiRiit     Weieht  n«r  « 

Ash,  American,  white    ' ""         00             '*''  752 

Bo.xwood     ■■■  ■■         ^^            3.8  .610 

Cherry ...                     60  pgQ 

Chestnut.. ^^             42  "672 

C"rk ;; J-4             41  .660 

^-3             15  .250 


r-w^-^s^m^- 


^mm 


AJ^D  CONTRACTOR'S 

I;!- 2.0 

Hnnlock '  2  1 

Hickory ^    , 

I^iKnuin  Vit.T g  „ 

Mahogany,  Spaiii.sli   .'  44 

Mahogany,  llomluras  2  9 

Maple ■  4  , 

'^^"k,  Itvo 4g 

Oak,  wliite.  ...  ,  \ 

Oak.  red .'.'.'.'.■.■.■.■  30 

r'iiie,  white   "  g  7 

Pine,  yellow |  2  8 

Pine,  southern 37 

Sycamore o  , 

Spruce   '  ■  ■  21 

Walnut gr, 

The  estimated  weight  of  logs  is  one 

the  estimated  weight  of  the  green  ham 
kind  of  wood. 


GUIDE 


22;^ 


35 

.560 

76.1 

1 .  220 

'2.5 

.400 

5.3 

.8.50 

S.3 

1.330 

53 

.  S,50 

35 

.560 

49 

.790 

59.3 

.950 

48 

.770 

40 

.640 

25 

.400 

34.3 

.550 

45 

.720 

37 

.590 

25 

.400 

38 

.610 

-half 

more  than 

ber  0 

f  the  same 

THE   METRIC   SYSTEM 

The  metric  system  is  based  on  the  meter,  which 
a  cord.ng  to  the  United    States  Coast   and    Ge!dltic 
Survey  Rort  of  1884.   is  equal  to  .9.370432  inch  " 
ihe    xa.ue   commonly   used    is   39.37    inches     and    i, 

meter   IS  defined   as    one   ten-million.h    the  distance 

^ir:e^;V\^.:^^^-^^-— ---eridL 

There  are  three  principal  units:  the  meter,  the  liter 
pronounced  lee-ter).  and  the  gram,  the  units  ^f  length 
.its n^""   \'  respectively.     Multiples  of  th'ese 
^nits  an    obtained  by  prefixing  to  the  names  of  the 
Prmcpal  units  the  Greek  words  Dcca  (10)   hecto  7lOO) 
and  kilo  (1.000);   the  submultiples.  I  divisions?  Ire 


*^«*!S 


228 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR  . 


'h.-'  l<.y  .c  ,h.  entire  sysL'"\,  I^T',,'""""'"  '"™ 
always  be  ,vri,te„  as  here  printed  ^  '^""''^ 


Millimeter  (mm.) 
(  entimeter  (em.) 
I'eeimeter  (dm.) 
•Meter  (m.) 
I)e<ameter(n„i.) 
leetometer  (Uni.) 
Kilometer  (Km  ) 


MEASURES   OF   LENGTH 


Meters 

.001 

.010 

.100 

1.000 

10.000 

100,000 

1 ,000.000 


f.  .S.  In. 

.o;i!»;i70 

.3i«70J 
3-J.370432 


Feet 

.003281 
.032.S09 
.32.S0,S7 
3.3,S(),S()9 
32.,S(),S(i<M) 
.    =        32,S.O,S0i»OO 
.62    mi.   =     3,2,S0.,S(i<»(MM) 
b.214  ini.   =  32,S08.G900()0 


Myriame.;;  oil;:,    I  .^X^J 

1  he  centimeter,  meter  and  kilometer  irr  f  h.       -.    • 
practical  use,  and  may  be  siid  To  u""    "" 

position   in  the  m.^trl  f  "''''"P>'   ^'^^^   ^'ime 

™nes  in-^ft-r    Sr  .rd'E^^r'r'  ^"'"  -" 
measurement.  English   system   of 


Name 

i>|.  millimctor  (mm.')  = 
!>!.  (■(■ntimctpr(cin.»)  = 
S<|.  ilfc'inii'iiT  (lini,''')  = 
i^'l.   motcr  ,,r   rcritarf 

(ni.'iirca.)         = 
•'«|.  lii'c.imctor  (ir  arc 

(I)in.a,ir.A.)      = 
Hectare 
Si|.  kiliimctpr 
■*!■  m>Tianipt(T 


MEASURES   OF  AREA 

Sq.  Met.  Sq.  In. 

■00m\0=  .001,5,50= 

.0001000=  1,5.5003  = 

.0100000=         i,5„5003     = 


Sq.  Ft. 

.00107fi41 
.10704100 


Acres 


1.0000000=     1„550.03 

100.0000000=1,5.^003 
IO,000.0(XX)000= 

•3}>(il0(l<)s.).nii. 
38.(il09(;30.s.,,  mi. 


10.70410000=  .000247 


1,07)1.4101 
=      107,1)41.01 
=  10,704,101 


_  Name 

Ml.  centiniei.T  (rm  3)  = 

1,11.  ileejnieter  dim  ^1  - 

•  enti.stt-re  _ 


MEASURES   OF   VOLUME 


.024710 
2.47110 
=     247.110 
=24,711.0 


C\t.  Met. 
.<K)0OOI 
.001000 

.)(>«.       , 
I  I    .1 

10.. , 


C'li.  In. 
or.  1025 
f>l.(J2.54 
fl.0.2,-|40 


Cu.  Ft.       Cu.  Yd. 


..35.316 
.3.5,3156 
.3.'5.3156 
353.156 


=     1.308 
=   13.080 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  CUIDH 


229 


CURRENT  MEASURES 


40 
8 


Hil.     Fur.     Mi. 


LINEAL    MEASURE 
12     inr;,oH(in.) =  ,  fo„t 

^••5  >''"-ii«   --  1  rod.  .  . 

^^^-^ =1  furlong. 

^^rlonnH ^i  nji,^ 

In.  Ft.  Y.J. 

1!»S=.        1,5.5=         5 
7,il20=     cm      =     9.,o 
C3,36()  =  5,L>,so       =1,760 
Other  units  of  measurt-  are: 
.'■>    feet      equal  1  pace. 
^J  feet      o(|ual  1  militarv  pace, 
fi    feet      equal  1  fathom. 
!>    iiiclics  ("(lual  1  .span. 

inches  ecpial  1  euhit. 

'"••''••■•<  <'qual  1  hand  (to  niea.sure  liorses). 


•  ft. 
.  vd. 
.rd. 

fur. 
.  tni. 


5=        1 
=      X)  =  1 

=  320  =  8=1 


IS 

4 

21.8 


7.92  inches. 


25 

4 

1(H) 

66 

:       80 


link.s 
rod.**  : 


inches  eciual  1  Bible  cubit. 

SURVEyOR's   MEASURE 
=  1  link  .... 


rods:  J 
links  }  =  1  c 
feet:  \ 

chains  .  .  . 


=  1  rod. 


..li. 
.rd. 


lain  ch 


=  I  mile 


mi. 


1  mi.  =  80  ch.  =  .320  rd.  =  8,000  li.  =  63.360  in. 

SyUARE    MEASURE 
144     square  inches  (.sq.  i„.)   .  =  j  f^^^ 

'     ■'''^''''"' f-"^; =  1  square  v.ard.,.sq.^ 

3   i  square  yards =  ,  ,,,,„,  ^^^         ^^   >^- 

IfiO     .square  rods =  1  acre  .  .  .  a 

040     acres.  .  .  _  ,  ..    ' 

1  =640  =   102.400  =  3.007.600  =  27.?78;400  =  4.01?4S,600 


230 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

SURVKyOK's   SOUARK    MKASURK 


625  Hf|uaro  links  (s„  li  )  , 

Ifisquar..  rods  -  '  "'l-'-'n- ro.l.  .  .   sq.  rd. 

1"  >«l>.are  cLaiMs     I     "'"■'""'■  •'''"'"•   -^<l-  <'i.. 

'JlOacros   ....  2     '"'"'" ^ 

'M)sa  mil.,     /r         ~    '  >*'|"''''rc  iriil.'.   .     s(i    ..li 

"   'I  "iiJ»'.->  {(>  nil.  siiiiarc)        —  i,  ,.  •'"I- "ii. 

1  s.,.  mi.  =  OJO  \  _  ,i  IS  ^  ■;  ~  '  '"^vn.slnp Tp. 

1-  "»u-A — o,4(KJ  s(i.  (•  1  =i()>4nn  i 

The   acre   contains    4,84.0   scnnr,.    v-.r  i 

™^WBAR^AND  T,.:,>«   „,  „„„„„„  „„_^^,^^^ 


KraiMc 
ihv.'llinK 


Hrickilttclliiii; 

(■'^Illlll.'lC     r(M)f    I; 


Mnlcrial  in 

Ullil(il'l); 


Urirk. 

j'lasicriMi,'.'  .■ 
1  ainiirii,',  oijt.sjd, 
1  iiiMliiiK,  iii.si.le 
Siiinijlf.s  .  . 
•  'orrrcc  .  . 
\y.-a;l„.r  bo'din^- 
.Mi.allMrij;    " 
HiMirilK;  ...  , 

!)()<.rs.  <„nip|,.ie. 

,>lIll|()\V.S,  ((,1,11) 

f«tiijr.s  and  iifuci 

In.sid,.  hijniis' 
BiiildiiiKii'dwar.j 

«>  itsid..  hlinds      I 
f'llN     and     (ir.^t-i 

floor  JDillt.s  I 

wiH-iision  luiiibri 


I'raiiif  .store       ''rxk  .store 
'  nIuiii;!,.  roof) 


P?H»*«fE 


100 

no 
a 


AND  CONTRACTOR  S  GUIDE  231 

HOW    TO    FIGUK       I'l.ASTKRINO 

M..Itiply  the  distanc-  around  the  four  sides  of  the 
oom  ,n  feet  by  the   heij^ht  of  the  roo.n  in  feet      Mul 
■ply  the  product  l,y  the  price  per  square  yard     nd 
cl.v.de  th.s  product  by'.,    because   there  are  9  sou' re 
»fet  in  a  sciuare  yard       I'or  fh,.        t  ,  •    ,^^^^^ 

Uncrth  nf  ih  '  ceilme,  multiply  the 

g  h  of  the  room   by  the  width  of   the   room   in   feet 
nd  ti  en  by  the  pr.ce  per  s.,uare  yard,  and  divide  by  ! 
-   before.     A<id   these  two  results  and  you   have   the 
entire  cost  of  plasterinjj  the  room.  ' 

To  every  barrel  of  lime  estimate  about  |  of  a  cubic 
yard  of  good  sand  for  plasterintj. 

One-third  of  a  barrel  of  stucco  will  nard  finish  100 
square  yards  of  plastering. 

Six  bushels  of  lime.  40  cubic  feet  of  sand  and  U 
bushels  of  ha.rwdl  plaster  100  square  yards  with  two 
coats  of  mortar. 

In  plastering,  no  deductions  are  made  for  openings 
because  .t  ,s  considered  that  the  extra  work  in  finish 
'ng  arou.id  them  balances  the  material  saved. 

WEIGHTS   OF   PACIFIC   COAST   LUMBER 

Oregon  Fir,  1  inel,.  rouRh "'"'TorS 

\Va.sl,ingto„  Red  Ce.lar.  1  inch,  rougl, .  ! ^'^k 

^^aslnnRton  Re.i  Cedar.  1  ind,.  dressed  ....■■"    'Am 
California  Sugar  Pi„,..  1  inch,  rouRh .  .  '  '   o'Z 

California  Redwood.  I  to  2  i„el,,  rough.  .  .' .'    .' ,"  '     -T^OO 
California  Redwood.  1  to  2  inch,  S  1  S  2'oon 

California  Redwood,  1  to  2  inch    S  2  S       <:  onn 

Cedar  Shingles,  *  A  * "' "" 

STANDARD   WEIGHTS   OF   CYPRt3S   LUMBER 

I-uniber.  rough,  2  inches  and  under.    .  '"'  .^OOO 

Luini.er   rough.  2J  and  3  inches "  '  "  3  500 

J-mch  Flooring  and  Ceiling 2  300 


usE^^-£it*'.*''mKiA  "1^.7  .-r^^  ^ 


'ST 


rrv."! 


232 


HODGSOXS  ESTIMATOR 


Miu-h  (Vili„K  '^^»-  P^'  ^ 

l-i.u.hCVili„«.. '••«"' 

Much  CViliuK...  '■•^"'' 

i-i..cl,  H..V..1  Si.lmK .■....'.■.' i;!! 

Shin«l,.s,  all  Kra,l,..s.                                ''3 

M.uh  I'last.T  l.alh •'; 

5-iiicli  KfiKc  Lath  

u  X 1  •  X  4 1).  &  II.  Pi,k;.,, ; ; -^ 

zx^'ix4i)..tn. Pi..k..ts..  .\ 'j^; 

2-inch  <).  G.  Rat  tons..  ^'T.^] 

2J-inrh().  G.  Hatt.Mis..  '^J-[ 

3-inch  ().  G,  Uattcn.s .'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'..'■"       7,1) 

i:sTiMA'n;u  wi-uiurs  of  whitk  pink 

l.l>H.  [M>r  M.  Feet 
Timbers,  rou^h  *"■.?;"  "'^ 

Lu„,,„. „,.,,..,,:,::::: :::;:;;  :•-     .^ 

Luinhcr,  drcss.H  .,  ,„,.  ' '"" 

Lun.he,D.^M.. :;::;:::::;:;:;•  •  ^2  'iZ 

Battens,  ().  G.  -•Jz[        ^'^^^ 

«.™d,oe.,,..  ■:,,::,.:..:::  S  ''r 
uof":. ^•»    =•» 

'JfjO  5(K) 

ESTIMATED   WEIGHTS   OF   NORWAY   PINE 

?'-';—«'- s;  2^S, 

Lunihor,  r«nij;i.    .  „  ..r->         . 

Ltnnher,  drc's.d J'f;  n        V'''' 

Lun.ber,  D.  .t  ,M  .  . T/^;^       ''^'^ 

2.600        2,000 

These  weights  are  taken   from  reports  issued  by  the 

Argicultural  Department  of  the  United  States. 

KSTIMATIXG    FRAME   OR    BALLOON    BUILDINGS 

rol"h'f' 7"'"^  ''''  '°''  '''^^"'  "^"^^•^■■y  ^"  convert 
rough  lumber  into  available  building  material,  the  esti- 
mator should  divide  the  labor  as  follows: 


iiLJ4 


AND  CONTRACTORS   CL'IDK  .„ 

First,  ascertain  the  cost  of  fnunin^'  sills.  j.„m.  .u,us. 
'..ft.-rs.  and  like  dimension  stuff  on  the  ground  ready 
i<)  k'f>  into  the  buildjnjj. 

Second,  estimate  the  cost  of  placing;  it  on  the  build- 
'->;,',  or  into  the  work.  Sidin^^s  roof  boards,  sheathinu' 
Inmnfjand  lloorint^  requires  no  primary  labor  to  pre- 
pare ,t  for  the  bnildinu:  and.  therefore,  this  class  of 
|n.-.terial  calls  for  the  price  uf  lab.,r  onlv  to  put  it  on 
Hie  budtlinff. 

The  simplest  method  to  estimate  the  labor  of  fram- 
in,,'  dimension  ..r  piece  stuff,  as  scantling  ,,f  all  kinds 
>s  by  the  thousar.  '  ^  x-t.      A  f^eneral  rule  -.dotted  bv  us 
after  a  lonj,'  experience  and  considerable         '   MLMtion 
.s  to  add  the  entire  bill  of  dimension   stuti    .ofrelher' 
and  price  it  for  medium  work  at  Sl.oo  pc-r  thousand  for 
the   labor  of    framin-  .,n   the  gr.,und.   and  So.uo  per 
thousand   for  labor  of    working,'  it  into   the  buildinLr 
Ue  base  our  rule  on  the  following  demonstrations- 
Two  {rood  carpenters  will  layout  and  frame  oO  pieces 
of  -i  X  1(.  joist,  K;  feet  Uma,  i„  a  dav  of  i.  hours,  or 
about  1.350  feet;  or  they  will  frame  loo  pieces  of  •»  .  .! 
studdinfr.  1-.'  feet  long,  in  a  day,  or  l,2()o  feet;  or  thev 
will   frame  70  pieces  of  'i  x  «.  M!  feet  long,  for  rafters, 
ma  day.  or  l.l-^o  feet;    or  they  will   frame   U  pieces 
of  S  X  N  sills.  K;  feet   long,  or  l,lf»0  feet.     Calling  car- 
penters'  wages    at  g-^.OO    per  day,    we    f^nd    that    the 
framing  of 

Joist.  1,350  frot,  cost ^  ^^ 

StiKldiiiK.  1,200  fwt,  .o«t 5  00 

MMftors,  1.120  fort,  cost.  .  .  =',),x 

Wills,  M90  feet,  cost '.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.   5.00 


armwi 


i  ' 


234 


HODGSON'S  KSTIMATOR 


Two  good   carpen  e°s    ,^.  Z'^''^'"^'  ^^^'s: 
f -^  .-n  a  day.  ^^j  000  Z  iT^f  T  i'^'  °^  ''^P 
^t'-'g-ng    not    included       CaHin  °*"''^'  P^'-"  ^''yj 

^iay.  we  find  that  to  put  on         ^  """^'^    "'    ^•^•^^  P<-'«- 

SidinK,  costs  S7.20  per  1.000  foot 
"oof  l,oards,  cost  S3.,S0  per  1  oon  f„  , 
Sheatliing  costs  «•?  7n        ,  ^    '  ^  '^*'*- 
*"  '•""'^^  '''^•'O  per  1,000  feet. 

One  good  man  will  lay  900  feet  of  1     r 
floor.ng  .n  a  day,  or  700  fL  of  1         °^,  '  ^  '  "I'^^^'^^i 
'n  a  day.     At  the  <;-,m»       .   ^  -^   -  i  matched  flooring 

will  COS.  »,1.,    pe,    "Z  <:':"',  '''«"'  '"-^  '  -  •■■  n™.r 

A  good  man  will  rarrv  .1,^  .    .1 

^«00  to  .,400  shingles  .TrdV^T  °". '"^  "°^  ^-'" 
same  rate  of  wages  and  -  <-»st.mated  at  the 

Two  men  wil   put  o„  C^T;'"  W'''''  ^^'^  ^•^'^'^• 
which  being  reduced    f7orth'P'^^''"P^-^^'^>'' 
-akes  it  cost  30  cent's  ^^,  ^^^^^  ^^  -^.-. 

Two  men  will  lay  500  to  imll  ' 

ce-ling  work  per  day  or    av  «,     ^    ^^  °"'^'^^'  ''""^^-^ 

A  man  will  put  down  o  ^.^      ''  'T  •  '•^'  ^'''^ 
or  100  feet  of  moulIdVase  '      "  '^'^^  P^'""  ^•■'>'' 

A  man  will  fit  and  nail  400  pieces  of  1    •  .   • 
d^y,  or  f  cent  each.  ^  ^  bridging  ,,er 

Returning  again   to  dimension  ^t„ff 

rafters,   sills,  etc..    we  finr  T?  '  '"'  ■'"''^>  ^^^^^ 

P'ace  50piecesof'2xiO      i;;'T,;r,r^   """    ^^■'" 

or  m  pieces  of  2  ,  ,  st.'d      I  >  r    T  ,     "'''  '"  '"^  ^''y- 

or  100  pieces  2x0  rafters    it  f/,  '."^^'    '""  ''  ^'">'- 

pieces  of  8  X  H  sills  in  ,  day  ''  '"  *'  ''■''-  '"•  '  ' 

i-r  the    labor    necessary    to    p,.-...    ..-,,.,.•.. 

1      --    .u.acriai     un    a 


1^^- 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  235 

building,  some  builders  estimate  labor  by  the  square 
as  follows:     ^Vages  S3.U0  per  day. 

Drop  siding,  60  cents  a  square. 

Lap  siding,  72  cents  a  square. 

Sheatliing,  25  cents  a  square. 

Surface  boards,  30  cents  a  scjuare. 

Koof  boards,  ^hiin,  30  cents  a  square. 

Hip  roofs,  60  cents  a  square. 

Steep  roofs,  6.5  cents  a  square. 

Shingles,  $1.10  to  $1.2.5  a  square. 

Floor  pine,  1  x  6,  35  to  60  cents  a  square. 

Floor  pine,  1x1,  35  to  60  cents  a  square. 

Floor  pine,  1  x  3,  75  cents  to  $1.25  a  square. 

Outside  wall  ceiling,  $1.00  a  square. 

Soffit  ceiling,  $1.00  a  .square. 

Wainscoting,  from  $2.00  to  $3.00  a  square. 

Cleaning  off  pine  floor,  from  75  to  95  cents  a  square. 

Tin  work,  valleys  U  inches  wide,  a  man  will   lay 
from  1  to  IJ  square  feet  of  valleys  per  day. 

In  closing  this  series  of  tables  upon  one  of  the  most 
vital  subjects  connected  with  the  building  profession 
I  desire  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  manner 
of  taking  out  quantities  in  the  United  States  is  some- 
what different   from   that   of  Europe,  and   especially 
that  of  England,  where  the  rules  and  methods  con- 
nected   with    this    particular   branch   of    building   are 
settle!  and  well  defined.     In  the  embryonic  state  of 
our  biilding  practice,  we  have  no  universal  or  general 
methcds  of  drawing  off  quantities,  excepting  what  has 
come  out  of  necessty. 

The  time  will  doubtless  come  when  we  shall  have  a 
universal  method  that  shall  not  only  be  thoroughly 
established  by  practice,  but  indorsed  by  the  various 
building  trades  and  architectural  associations  through- 
out  the  entire  country,   so   that  a  mechanic,   havfng 


236 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


vor:.nr::rbrLT;:d ''' '-'-'  ^-^  -^-^-^^  °^  ^e. 

self  familiar  v,th  th     rulefr  1  ^'"1^  ^"'  '"^'^^  ^'■- 
St.  Louis  or  Chicago'  '"'^'^"^^  P''^^"''^^^  '" 

Large  cities,  by  virtue  of  th.-  f-,  -r^    «• 
'•"    the  several    branc  es  o      ,'    h    M  °'' '''^^""^^'°" 
enabled  to  establish  ruh,nf  '^'"^  '"^^•^'   ^-"^ 

their  Individ  J,  i?b:s,;;:^---;  '^'^^  ^°^'^-" 

conduct  of  other  tnd.-.     h  ''"°^  '°"^''«'   the 

will    be    found    thaTth;    rX"  T  '''^"'^"^^^^^'  '' 
masonry  in   Xew  Vorl- r/  ?      nieasurement    for 

'nee  or  bodV;  ,    "  t    "'  T"""'«  ""y  f^"'"  =-- 

"If  when  he  has  n,a,l,r  J  ,h  ^  ""•'''  ''^  =">' 
procedure,  a,i,l  i,  is  ,  n  .  '"'"P"  "'="'°d  of 
■nchod  ,hae  .hi,  b        ,■'?"■'  '•"'  "'»'<-  Plni"  this 

"f  'he  men, uds  best  a  h"  .ed  ^7"T  ■^""''"'^  "'"''■ 
of  the  buiUler  '         '"  '""  '""'""=  '"terests 

«ofn;t;;;eX::;.h^:tir;-.r'r  "'^"•^'-- '-- 

■"■I  of    reliabiliev    Zt\  '""""""'^  i°'"- 

The  systen,  is  a  .'rigt'    --»-. --iderable  „„„,. 

I-  followed,   as  .h^v  a  e    1  r','"  f ""  "'■'^'  ""'  '" 
-thin  •«  ,o  :,5  per  „„,  ;3'"-       :",J°!'   "■".  '"-■'•"« 

the  larger  cities      Tu;    ■  current  prices  m 

loon  frame  '''^  '^  ^"^'^^"'^"y  -^'"-"ged  for  bal- 

The  first  is  an  analysis  of  cosf  nf  f^ 
walls.     For  conveniens.  ^^  ''^"•"■'-''  ^"tside 

a^  a  basis,  result    "V      ;,.T'''''°""  '  '^''''  '^  ^  '^'^  f<^^'t 

Thestuddin,e:;x;:;r:;^:ri:r'-UT^^^^- 

'">-",   sizeu   on  one 


-.^TiMi' 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  237 

side  and  one  edge.  The  studding  is  placed  10  inches 
from  centers  and  covered  with  dressed  and  matched 
stuff.  Building  paper  is  next  laid  on,  and  then  f^rst 
or  second  clear  siding  is  used.  Plates  are  included  in 
the  cost  and  are  put  on  double  thickness. 

ANALYSIS   OF   OUTSIDE   WALLS 

^^  ^iTfkn-'"*^""'''  -"  f*^'  long  =  247  feet,  at 

S14.50  per  M «•?«?« 

466  feet  dr««ed  itnd  inatci.ed  stuff,' at  $17.50.  '    '     S  16 

475  feet  siding,  at  $21 2^7 

1 1  pounds  nails "^•7.'. 

30  pounds  pajxT.  at  2J  cents  per  pound 7^ 

h  ranung  and  putting  in  place  247  feet  of  scantling',        ' 

at  $8  per  .M ^'     .   „^ 

Laying  4  sciuares  of  flooring,  at  .50  cents  per  square  2  'OO 
Laying  4  squares  „l  suling,  at  $1.12^  per  s<iuare  4  50 
Laying  4  s<,uares,  at  12^  cents  per  square . ,5(, 

^'''"^ $ir^ 

Dividing  this  sum  by  4  gives  the  price  of  a  single 
square,  $7.dG.  .^ 

The  analysis  of  cost  of  4  squares  of  roofing,  the 
rafters  being  2  =  4  inch  scantling,  sot  2  feet  between 
centers,  covered  with  dressed  and  matched  stuff,  and 
the  best  quality  of  cedar  shingl.s,  laid  4J  inches  to  the 
weather,  is  as  follows: 

ANALYSIS   OF   ROOF   WORK 

12  soantlings    2x4  inch,  20  feet  long  =  156  feet, 

at  IH-W  |X!r  M $2  ■>« 

460  f.-«.t  matched  stuff,  at  $17.50  per  M. s  IP 

3 J  M  shingles,  at  $2.75  per  M ...  .  017 

14  ix)unds  3d.  nails U, 

10  pounds  8d.  and  lOd.  nails   .    on 

Framing   and    putting    m    phice    1.56   feet   2  .\'4 

scantling,  at  $.S  per  .M \   .jg 

4  squares  of  roof  hoarding,  at  50  cents  i)er  stiuare    '      2  ol) 

7,r    •         ■       ''""'ft""S,  ;u  Zl.^o  per  square ,'>  iH) 

^t"g"ig . 63 

Total S29.40 


i 


I! 


238  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

This  sum,  in  turn,  divided  hv  j.    ■ 
a  single  square,  $7  35  ^  "*  ^'^^^  ^s  the  cost  of 

S'^Iected  from    N^    1   board         '"'J'^'  ^^"'"''"^  ^eing 

Piaced  1«  inches  betvlereSs^l,:'^^^  ^^'"^^^   ^-^ 
for  doubling  where  necessary  "^"^^^"^  's  made 

17   J„-  .      o       ''''^'-^^'S   OF    FLOORING 

^7  joists,  2x8  inch    20  fo»f   1 

^a^  .^^^-^  P^'-  M  '"*  long  =  4.59  feet,  at 

Js'irlnf^'ii"^; ^M' 5^50 per m::: *^?^ 

,      ^  -  "ich  brido'  nir   nt  o 8  15 

3"  KS  °„;  ?pikr"™'  "*" '       :::::■■    fj 

Bridging ■'""^^'  ''^  «'^  per  square 2. 30 

TotaJ :^ 

.  Dividing  this'amountby  4   as  in  th ■'''''' 

gives  $5.07  as  the  cost  of  7  t'  ,      Previous  cases. 

The  following  is  an  an.l     "^"T  °^  ^'^°'''"^- 
f  oor.  .  feet  S  V.C  l"/  1^/  l^ ^^^  «^  -  -ide 
thick,  cased  and  finished  cnmnT.  '^^''  ^*  '"'^hes 

of  painting:  complete  except  the  one  item 

P      ingplat€.  '  ^'"'"'^  ^^f-e.  I^olts  and  strik- 

[S'74t;T,e^K  «■'■', -"•''■-        S 

Setting  frame           '^         ^^  '""^  screws. .  .  25 

Casing  up,  2  sides'  '. ' '  ' .'        .25 

Moulding,  1  side  .  15 

'"'"«•  '""'«"'g'^nd  trimming  door -2" 

Total . Jl 

iy.42 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  239 

The  following  is  an  analysis  of  cost  of  a  4  iiahf  „  • 
ojv   with  sash  UX30  inches.  If  inch:' :il'^chrcr 
ra.l,  the  w.ndow  set.  cased  and  finished  complete 

ANALYSIS   OF   COST   OF   WINDOW 

Window  frame  prepared  for  weigl.ts ....  ,0  „ 

Sash  glazed •^.15 

20  feet  2i-i„cl,  moulding . ^'^^ 

25  feet  in.side  case  and  window  «ill f, 

2.8  pounds  of  sash  weights  

Sash   -m;,! 50 

Groin.as  for  plastering  and  puttmg  on .' .' .' of 

Setting  frame ^" 

Casing  up 25 

Kitting  sash  ^^ 

Nails .'  .■ 15 

f^;ish  lock ^^ 

Tutting  on  sash  lock  ^ 

.10 

Total.  .  .  . 

17.64 

Add  to  the  foregoing  not  less  than  30  per  cent   but 

bor  b   "  V"  !,''  r "  ''''  '""'  ^--  -^  -at    ial  and 
labor  be  embodied  in  the  analysis. 

ESTIMATINO    FOR    OUTSIDE    DOOR    AND    WINDOW    FRAMES 

For  ordinary  buildings,   either  wood  or  brick,  the 
ollowmg  pr,ces.    which   are    for    labor  only,   wil     be 
found  to  be  as  nearly  correct  as  possible  wherllocal 
cond.fons    are    unknown.      For   simplv  mak  nV  the 
rame        ,„  ,^^^.^^  sashes'  doors    bfinds 

Uc.  the  number  that  can  be  made.  hung,  or  set  in  a 
day  of  nme  hours,  is  ,nvcn,  as  wH!  as  th!  p.cc  wh.ch 
will  enab  e    the    es^imitor  to  f„ii  P  '^l  wnicft 

rn«f  r.f  .  ^^^•'"^•^^'^'^  to  tell   approximate  y  the 

cost  of  any  number  of  frames  either  in  place  or  out. 


240  HODGSOxVS  ESTIMATOR 

Mak.nK  nianc  frames  for  weights       """^  "  "^"'^        .^?h 

Setting  fnimes  in  wall  ^         *1  00 

Hanging  outside  hlinds ?"*  -22 

HaiiRnig  inside  blinds,  .5()r"(o  Sinn"  2  •"" 

^  -tting  sash  per  window       "'•"•""■  5  .60 

H.u.grngsash.trinnning,loeksandlift«:  H  '^ 

Putting  on  stops. '0  .30 

Hand  moulding                35  .09 

Anting  stool 25  .12 

I'^itting  apron .  .        13  .24 

25  .12 

Total . 

^.     .  "■- S3. 40 

i^ittinff  and  hanjrin,r  doors  on  n„f^,vi     c 

mingwith  4-inch  loose  pine   iointhil  """"''  ''""■ 

bronze    or  plated  ros.  .        .   .^*''' '"^'■"^*^ '^^k, 

and    all    comp Lt     thr'e  "h      ""'   '""''   "'^'^^   '^^<^h. 

If-inch  thick    nine'    to  \"^""    '^    ''^^    '^°°'--    ^oor 

4  iiiicK,  pine,  to  comp  ete  SI  0=;      Tf  ^.      l- 

and  IJ-inch    door,  SI  00       Ifh     V         /^  ^"'o  binges, 
cent.  ^^  hardwood,   add   15  per 

no'Ltd^^ot;  '"'nt's'^f  '^^'°^^^"  -^^y-ade, 
the  cost    osetZ    "  "^"'d'"^^  *«  P'ant,  then 

^i^^  doors  o:::::^:^--;;-!-p^^^^ 


common  frames:  '^''"''  ''''^'"''■'''^  ^°  complete 

S'^'?'"  jan.hs  and  heads,  with  drip  on  sill  ^Z' 

iJoor  jaml.s  and  lieads  ^^ 

Outside  ra-sing,  window.  .' ^^ 

Outside  eiLsing,  d,x)r.  .  .  '^ 

Insi.le  ra-sing.  window,  with'-mron '® 

lusjde  casing,  door,  each  side   .....'....' ^ 


-i^V;t^:mM^ 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE  24, 

About  the  same  number  of  feet  in  length  will   be 
required  for  mouldings  and  stops. 

TABLE    FOK    ESTIMATING   NAILS 
1000  shinRles  require  3 J  pounds  4d.  nails. 
KKM)  latli  require  6§  pounds  3d.  nails 

\Z  IZl  "I  ^"'f '^  "''"«  ^^^"''•''  '^  P«->d3  6d.  nails. 
Z  f    !       ^       '"^  '■'^""■*^  -"  P«""^«  8d.  nails. 
Z  IZf  ''/f  "*^.'"'«  '•^^"'^««  25  ,x,unds  lOd.  nails, 
om  f    .  '•!„''«^':"'«  ^•^'l"ir''«  30  pounds  8d.  nails. 
000   ee   of  floonng  requires  35  poun.ls  lOd.  nails. 
000    eet  o    studduiR  requires  14  pound.s  lOd.  nails. 
Z  ft  ''!f  "'^'''"«  '••"""'••'«  10  pounds  20d.  nails. 

000  feet  of  Jfin.sh  requires  30  pounds  of  8d.  nails. 
1000  feet  of  1  i  finish  requires  40  pounds  lOd.  finish  nails. 

The  following  table  shows  the    name,    length    and 
number  of  na.ls  to  the  pound  of  the  different  sizes: 


NUMBER   OF   NAILS   TO   THE   POUND 


Name 
3d  fine. 


,,  1    »'t'h 

3d  common iji„p,, 

4d  common Ig  inch 

5d  common ijto  1 J  inch 

^fi"'-* 2    inch  . 

6d  common o    inch 

7d  common 2),  inch  . 

^''"'sli 2Jinch  ." 

8d  common 2§  inch 

9d  common oj  inch  . 

I'^'l  fi"i'^l> 3    inch. 

lOd  common 3    [^ch  . 

l-'d  common 3j  i„ch  . 

'20d  common 3|  inch  . 

30d  conuiioii 4    l^^^.]^ 

40d  common 4J  inch  '.. 

50d  common 5i  inch  .. 


No. 


to  a  pound 

1150 

720 

432 

352 

350 

252 

192 

190 

132 

110 

137 

87 

66 

35 

27 

21 

15 


242 


HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 


^'^^^TERS'    MEASUREMENTS 

and  specifications/an  accur  J,    .  ^'  ^'""^  ^'^^'  P'^ns 
and  labor  rec,uired    V    h     tr        ''  ^"  ''^^  '--^^-als 
^ett.ng  down  in  each  ca  e  th  "     T '"'-■^'  "^  ^^e  work-. 
-^the  case  may  be.   of    .     h  "I"    "  °^"'^  ^  ^-^ 
P-nt.n,.  the  %ures  ob  a  ned     o^th      "    '"'  ="^  ^'^ 
joiner  prove  of  s<rvice  lUnf      !u         ''  '-'^'"P^'ntt-'r  and 
I^^Painter.     The  foIJortitV  ^rr  ^^ '^'  '^"^  ^^ 
to  indicate  the  method  of  m  ^"^^  ''  '"tended 

vvork,  and  also  the  ol.  „  u'"^''"'"'  "^  P^'"'^'^^' 
-•^y  be  taken.  A  sim  aV  tabiT  a  1  ,  ^'  ""''^"^  ''^-^ 
-^  n.,>ht  be  necessary  to  sut   A  '  °'  '^'^'"^^'^• 

construction,  would  be  verv  .t,"'"'"  "'^^^'^^^^  "f 
when  getting  out  estimate  ".sTw  M  ''^'■"  ""  ^^^^ 
be.ng  left  out.  The  tab  ;  Th"  T^  "^  '"'"'■^"  ""'hing 
•ndfcates  the  English  praclic^  '^""^^'^  ^""-^^ly 

Lead,  in  oil  o..  wl.ite  work    at 
Ornanjental  railings,  etc..        «  .       ,;         " 

Sk'rting.s.  12-in.   girth   and   uLler    I      "         'l 

'^^rmg^,  u         „  ';;'<><>r,  at per  foot  run. 

Chair  rails,  "  " 

Hand  "  " 

I3alasters,  " 

Xevvols,  " 

IJitiii  pipp.s,  •• 

Ornamental  heads 
Ears, 

Slioe.s, 

KavRs,  gutter 
Stopi)ed  end.s, 
Outlets, 
Swai!  Mccks, 


tt 


It 
« 

« 

<i 

(( 

It 

It 

u 


number. 


foot  run. 
number. 


rm» 


::.^E?*Er' 


AND  CONTRACTOR'S  GUIDE 


243 


Cptnont  reveals  (jambs) 

Coriiicps  under  —  girth, 

Window  sills,  " 

CopiiiK  edge,  " 

iStone  strings,  " 

Stone  plinths,  " 

Iron  eastings,  " 

tjrate  Inirs,  " 
Sasli  squares. 
Sash  frames. 
Small     " 

Two-light  casement  frames. 

Four     "  "  << 

Siwh  squares. 

Brackets, 

Finials, 

Step  ladders, 

Dressers, 

Chimney  pieces. 

Four  oils  and  extra  finUhed  varnish, 

gray, 
Grainer;  extra  grain  for  wainscot  and 

twice  varnish, 
Grainer;   extra  grain  enrichment  for 
brackets  4  in.  wide,  < 

Staiiier;    stain  to  an  approved  Unt 
and  twice  varnish  with  the  best 
copal  varnish, 
French  polisher;  French  polishing,       ' 
French  polishing  to  hand  rails, 
Gilder;  gilding  on  flat  surface,  ' 
Gilder  on  carved  work,  stating  height 

and  description,  " 

Moulded  work,  stating  girth,  " 

Boards,  etc.,        "  "  k 

Carved  caps,  .. 

Brasses  and  simple  items  of  a  similar 
nature.  « 


at 


foot 


run. 


it 

II 

It 

II 

u 

II 

II 

11 

II 

(1 

tl 

dozen 

number 

II 

dozen. 

n 
II 

number 

11 

II 

It 

u 

II 

Yard 


super. 


foot 


foot  f 


run. 


super. 

foot  run. 
foot  super. 


foot 


run. 


-v-v>:"r'w 


^"4  HODGSON'S  ESTIMATOR 

TO    FIND  THE  „„„„, 

hci.iu.  tak'4  out    " ;rr";'r''^"  ^^"^  ^-^  ^'^^ 

••"Kl  divide  by  3(,.     To  find  fh  ■        """''  "f^^'"'"f>'. 

•       '^-'''-ng,  multiply  the.  IcnJ  h  u   T''-"''  °'  --""^  f-  'h^' 

^•as.ly  be  measured.  ^  ^°''^'-"''  '''^q^'^^cJ  can 

''or  example,  room  12y  ij    m   r 
^ncJ  three  windows:  '  ^°  ^""'  '">'^'  t^'o  doors 

LenKtI.,  two  walls,  14  foot  each 

^^  'dtl.,  two  wall..  12  feet  each    ^8  feet 

24    " 

Multiply  by  height. .  52    " 
10    " 

Le.^s  five  opo„i„^,,   ,,„      .  520" 

required 
30 

120 
Tn     fi    ^       L  ^^ 

)»  yards.  ""•  "-  '"='='.  by  3,  equal  to  al>oue 

the  Ldl:':;^  '~;:';;^;^  f-^^  -ngle  =,rip,  the  wid.h  of 

yard  IJde'Ld   'j'i^K:  f  ^  ^'"f"  ^°"'  "-"a" 
-sec   ,M.  .,„  ,„t',,r;^»„^  ^^,    Allowing  ,„r  al, 

''•'■  '°"™''*  -'"'^-  »■'"  b^-  --f";  .o  .he  estimator. 


I  ..  l>  Zi  xic  ic 


0001 


..^^ — 1^-      — ^= —     —     pj ct         13  -7-"      *■ 


P  1I  ,!  ^-  I  '^^  S  s  rT~g-T~s~8  "T 

^"    -    ^i    ^-    SS    ^    ^    -    5    5    g    g    3    g-    g 
345 


"  ,1  a  i  S  a 


246 


i/ODG<Ux\'S  ESTIMATOR 


COi\c/.USIO\ 
Jn   'onclusion  I  wonld  s.iLaust   tin-   f^u       ■ 
"i^t'i'Hl   of  keeping    ,    r,./  i     V     ,        ''"""^' ^''"P'^- 

f^'—f  thi.  kind  W'  ";^".7"^"t'"n  anarchit,.. 

^^'■•".  as  ,t  is  probaM-    \l''l  '      "'"'''"^'^  '-^  ''^*-  '^-'«t  fur 

-milar  in  his  style.., .;,:;;,ti::i;'"''''^'^^ 
A   book  or  a   nmni.ro^  o.,,.," 

'"'^•<l'<i  suitable  wi,it,      H„     ',*    f   v       ■^*'^"'  '^''"'^  '>^- 
datr   rvc.r)-    .J     „_        '".'^.f'^""-"k' columns:   1st 

-here    erected;     4th.    short    ut    L  T"^'    '^• 

contents   in   feet;    .ith    cost  o  "        ""^'   ^"^'c^' 

-'-foot;    Sth/rentrk"     Th"        T''    ■^^--^P'r 

should   be  classified  so  that  pHce.        '        '       '"'■'''■'^- 
S'  ^-n  and  compared   -,t  -,  ,V    '  ""•'  '"''"'^  ^     ^  '"■ 

-am,>leis  he/e  shown.      '     ""   '"   ""^'  -''"-'       An 


■Mi.irk,^ 


f"  compntin'--  th.-  ci.hT^Ti 
-n..onlyn.ediston^;'-:/.r7'  ^'  ^^''^-  '"^^ 
'"  '■"  P--  ^  from  the  bottom  of  h'  /""'  "  '^  "'^^'^■ 
'-'f-ay  up  the  slope  f  ocTf  1  k  •  ""^^  ^^'  '  P"'"^ 
;-^-  there  are  di/fire  u  L  .'^  '"'"^ '°"^'  P^^^ 
^"   '!•<— rin,.  brick  or  stone  b,;  -'  ''^''    ^'  ^-•^^• 

';-":«-  or  verandas  T,^,''''}''''  -^i-n 
•^'^^'"'d    b<-  a   uniform   system  --  ^'"'"^■^*-       '^^^^'^ 

«uch  items  as  heating  ma  ,1  ""'^""^  -  ''^  -<lin,. 
;-wirin,.orofnot^;^r!!■:^''--^^''^cl.c- 
f«c  other  including  these.  '        '  ""'"'     '^  ^ 


r.'f^  ■'^fm^'w^. 


^^M     CONTRACTOR'S   GUIDK 


In  .<'ed,  ,in  <-\  ict  r^ 
the     oiitiai't   1    mr 
thin-   •)ccui.   • 
notud,  that  ii 
this  m.-  ,11/T 

r       lis  \\o\k 
'    ''m.ifi:       am 


ng5 


ii 

tin 


n 


1  of  f^» 

\prcSbt 
"i    >  ex 
lat  ; 
tail. 

iUlt, 


r 

vv 
.d 


247 

d  '>f  the  cost  of  all  bui    'i..^ 

'-  ^^'  ^''d   'J<-    kept,   atu.   ,.nv 

.'ii'inon    ,,r   un^  sual    should    be 

>■«•     ho   know).     .,re  obt  r-icd   in 

ral  schemes  for 
vvs    as    to    their 
'-■  examined  into 
1  am    onfirmed  in 
the  work, 
I'k'  can  be 
way  is  to 
L"  certain 


'■>{■• 
111 


iCaL 


I-  cs 

til 
reli. 
"'  m-  Jiods 

f         the      lack   r.    ability,  a 
uractordoeh  not  want  to  be  up 


re.,1      t. 
the  ijutNii 
fh<,'  v"(  \vs 
r  mil  ,_v.  Ml 
.  'veil 
e^    iv 

^  \>'-,n 

q         y  t' 

nore   1    '    .rioi      v\ 
t"  ^'^      >iiikiin<r 

Tate       irtiht    01 
;     nt.       !os!-  I 
w;    it    you 
be  lore  anyt 
ful    !>' Ills   t 
■'lesi       :\ns    lu 
^hown 
noi 

rust,.,^r   my  efforts  will  prove  use'.:!  to  the  younjj 

rogr.    sue  workman  who  has  a  desire  to  become 

^    "tr.-,..        an.,   -hat  they  will  aid  and  assist  him  in 

'"  ^"nfe'  and  with  this  hope  in  view  I  close 

tJiij  volume. 


■'•  he  should  follow  the  safer,  if 
'      figuring  on  every  item  goii 
is  about   to  tendrr  for.     A  ce 
explained    that   his    success   as 
s  following  the  rule,  "First  know 
^i'         ml    then   do   it."      So   here. 
'"   •>-      one,  it  is  ne  essary  for  care- 
la  ie      ,  show  what   is   wanteu,  and 
id  b-   carefully  studied  and  every  item 
hem     rdes  ribed  in  the  specifications  should 


iiii 


( 

I 


\ 


INDEX 


Arrhfs  , 
Areas  . , 


22       na.s,sifi<ati. 


PAGE 

.      18 


Ari'as  of  triaiiKles 

AveraKP  ratfs  of  wajres  [«t  liinir. 
A  few  thliiKs  worlh  kriDwiiiK.    . 

A  (.'(Kill  excavator 

Air-licht  joints 

Average  wafc'e  lalile 

Analysis  of  outside  walls 

Analysis  of  riH)f-work 

Analysis  of  Itoorint; 

A  ■  ilysis  of  cost  of  (l(M)rs 

Anu.ysis  of  cost  of  winilows  .  .  . 

A|(|iroxiinate  ci»st 

Area  of  roofs 

Analysis  of  outside  walls 

Analysis  of  riX)f-W()rk 

Analysis  of  tItMirine 

Analysis  of  dcMir-work 

Analysis  of  window-work 

U 


Builder's  offices 

Builder's  prices 

BridiriiiB 

Branch  drains 

Balloon  franung 

Ba.se-l>oar<ts 

Balusters 

Blinds 

Brii-k  and  stone  work 

Brick-work  labor  and  material . 

BeddinK  slate 

Banjror  slate 

Brownsville  slate 

Black  r<K>finR  slate    

Brick  anil  stone  masonry 

Building  materials — weights . 


]:< 
1 1 
2:f 
107 
14U 
l.W 
l.")? 
ll>2 

ir.;i 

ItiS 
19ti 
100 
200 
200 
209 
220 


rataiirglir?!    . 

Competition 


10 


Cillar  watir-closet 21 

('u|ilioarils,  etc 21 


ao 


xi        ('iil)in':  syst 


em  . 
09  Correct  tneasure 
100  Cliorils  of  circles 
100 
110 
121 
121 
IL'2 
122 
12:t 
124 
145 
2:i7 
2.i7 
2:tS 
2:iH 
2:}9 


80 
87 

88 
88 


27 

ment 35 

48 

Crciiinfirenci-s  of  circles 40 

('ul)is  and  other  liirures 07 

('ylindcr,  cone,  and  sphere 71 

Cone  and  conoid 71 

Cone  sections 74 

Cylindrical  rintrs ni 

Capacity  of  casks y.-j 

(lay.  Its  wt  iiiht xs 

Cost  of  lalior  in  various  cities.  , 

Cartiii!.'  away  material 

'  iini  rite  for  foundation  and  pav 

1"K 

Concrete  for  IliKirs  and  roofs.  . 

Cenieiil  joints 108 

Cast  iron  piiies 109 

Cii.~t  of  layint  weeimit'  tiles  .  .  110 
Cost  of  mortar  and  other  mate- 

'•'•'''* 112 

Concrete  footings   H3 

Cost  chaniimi; j  J4 

( 'ost  of  riK)ms 125 

Cost  of  asylums 125 

Cost  of  churches 125 

Cost  of  slaliles 125 

Cost  of  tlnalers.  etc 125 

Culiii  flit  evtiniatinir  stalilis.  .  i:{| 
Cost  of  tciTUiK  down  liuildintcs.  l.'t.'l 
Cost  of  exhiliMion  buildings.  .  .  .    135 

Cost  of  parks  in  cities 135 

Cost  of  parks  in  country  towns.    l.'fS 

Cost  of  halliHin  franiiiiij 141 

Common  rafters 144 

Co.-.t  of  framing  rafters 144 

Cost  iMT  S4|uare  of  slates 150 

Cornices   153 

Ciiiiiiie  iiioiiiilings 154 

i.'oriiice  brackets 1S4 


849 


250 


INDEX 


Cornice  fablps 

Common  door  frames. 

Chimneys 

Cost  of  painting 

Cost  of  pJasferinK 

Cost  of  Braining 

Car|>enfer 


PAOE 
154 
.  150 
.  165 
.  170 
.  171 
.  171 
205 


f-stimatrnR  flats j,^ 

KstimatinK  water  •owers. 134 

Ivstimatinjf  model  cottaKes.  .    "   i-j4 

LstiniatinB  parks ,34 

KslimatuiK  exhibition  biiiidinRs    1,35 
I-stimatinB  hotel  t)iiil<linKs.  .  130 

Comparative  cost  of  roofs Z'l       I;"''""""*?  ''*■'""  -nuntilie,,.  .  '   lag 

Com|K)sition  roof  .';.',.'       [;'*"'""<'"«  wwd-work lag 


Oirretit  measures 
Conclusion  .... 


2W 


D 


27 

27 

30 

36 

37 

06 

74 

75 

1C6 

158 

(iO 


Different  methods  of  estimatinR 

Dimension.s 

Drams,  etc 

Definitions  of  Surfaces  ..... 

Decimals 

Definitions  of  Solid.s ..  .. 

Di.scounts 

DlKKiHK  trenches 

Drains  generally 

Doors 

D<Kir  trimmings 

Do<irs.  folding 159 

D<M)rs.  sliding '  ,  .„ 

Door  frames ,  ,.„ 

159 

E 

Estimating  by  cubic  foot.  .  28 

Estimating  roughly '     og 

Estimating  by  the  .square.  29 

Estimating  by  units '     33 

Kstimating  t)y  items '    "     33 

Kllip.ses,  ovals  and  portions.  . .       40 

E.\amples  ol  use  of  tables.  .  v 

Earths,  weight  of,  where  exca- 
vated .... 

Excavating. 

Ivarth  anil  clay 


Enriilmients  in  pla.ster 175 

External  |)lastering  in  Portland 

'••-ment   jj,2 

Excavator  and  bricklayer  .....   204 

Excavation.s oi 

Estimated  weights  of  whit.- jline    " 
Estimated    weights   of   Norwu 

pine 

E.stimating    frame 

buildings 

Estiinaling  for  outside  door  and 

window  frames. 
Intimating  nails  . 


vay 


of     balloon 


210 
232 

232 

233 


239 
241 


Eraniing  wooden  house  04 

framing  riMif ' ' '     ^ 

Finish  gin.  rally .  . .'  '      '    '  '     35 

36 
88 


Eoiir-si.led  hgur.-s  of  all  kinds 
foundations  of  concrete 
Filling 


s'  and  ramming qo 


85 
85 
85 


Framing  for  trenches 

Flu.shing  of  pi|M's  and  drains. 

Founilation  ftwtings 

Footings  in  stone,  concrete  and 

brick 

Flashings 

Floors 

Foliling  d(K)rs 

French  [ralishing 

Fancy  tiles 

Fixing  tiles 

Fe«'s.  .  . 


Excavating  for  drainage,   foot 

ings  and  trenches.  .  on  i-    .                            ^^> 

E.,uipments  of  .sIoih-s    „^  r       ""''""  ""  '"""""^ 224 

KstimatinB  hv  11..  „,..o„ .'  '  '"'■"'  "'  '""okkeeping .,.« 


9<> 
106 
110 

111 
147 
154 
159 
169 
188 
190 
206 


timating  by  the  square  120 

Estimating  by  unit  of  accommo- 
dation   

Estimating  by  cubing 

E.stimating stables.  .. 

Rstitr.aJing  stofcs 

Estimating  sheds..  '. .  . 


Filial  renmrk.s 


246 
247 


123 
126 
131 
134 
134 


Cauging 

< .utters  anrt  snoij.o 

Graining  and  varnishing.  .  .'         i,;g 

Oaugmg  with  plaster 173 


81 
147 


INDEX 


251 


PAOE 

OauKe  for  slntinR loi 

Cn-fti  nrntiriK  shitc 200 

liluzier 206 

H 

Ht'ieht  of  reilings 22 

Manlwood  floors 21 

II  '   ilrail,  oak  or  mahoeany  ....  23 

llaiitfitiK  .slidjiiB  (i(M)rs 23 

Half  timbered  huildinps 24 

Hall  sfwinB  rcH)m 25 

Halyards 26 

Harilwood  stairs 26 

Hyperbolas .55 

Hypcrboloids  and  conoids 79 

Hip  rafters 112 

Hip  roofs H5 

Hip  roofs  with  deck 146 

Hip  tiles 191 

I 

Introductory  9 

IteinizinR 20 

Itemizing  quant  it  ies 29 

Inrreased  volume  of  earth 100 

lUubtrated  t'oundatiun Ill 

J 

Jack  rafters 1 43 

Joisl.s 143 

Jersey  tiles 190 

Joiuei 205 

K 

Kitchen 22 

Knotting l(i7 

Keeiie's  cement 176 

L 

LahelinK  estlmat  ^s 11 

I.unes   51 

].oads  for  wagons,  carts,  and  bar- 

n>ws 84 

Laying  drain  tiles  and  weeping 

tiles 104 

I-ength  of  rafters !43 

Lookouts  for  hip  rafters 144 

Labor,  laying  slates 149 

hiatal  meuure 229 


M  PAOK 

Mantels 22 

Marble  facings 22 

Metriods  of  estimating 27 

Mensuration  of  superficies 35 

Mitered  hips 194 

Mason 205 

Masonry 210 

Metric  .system 227 

Measures  of  length 226 

Measures  of  area 226 

Measures  of  volume 226 

N 

Note 45 

Notes 47 

Natural  slopes 99 

Nails 149 

Nail  table 149 

Number  of  slates  [mt  square.  . .  .  1.52 

Newel  |H)sts 157 

Nails,  number  i>er  (mund 103 

Number  of  bricks  iu  wall 208 

O 

Of  irregular  bodies 43 

t)f  irregular  figures 44 

Of  the  circle  and  its  parts 4S 

Of  ellipses 63 

( irnamental  facides 137 

Ornamental  plastering 171. 

Outside  plastering 182 

P 

Preface  2 

I*reliniinary  10 

Pews  and  sittings 32 

I*ricing  generally 33 

ParalKilas S4 

Problems 65 

l^risms 67 

Pyramids 68 

Problem."!  for  pyramids 69 

Prismoiil  71 

Paraliolic  conoids  and  spindles.  78 

Portland  cement  concrete 88 

Pavinff  m'Uh  bricka  fiR 

I'ro|K)rtion  of  comrete 89 

Prices   for  concrete   floors  and 

roofs. 80 


rmmm^smmtm. 


252 


INDEX 


Piimpinp  and  hailing.  .. 

Prifinp  bills 

I'<T(('ritaKe  of  rost      ... 

IVrrenfate  of  („tal  .„.si 

Pri««  01  work  of  N  arious  kin.l.s 

Pressed  tirick  lioiisc's 

Paritrios  and  clos.is 

I'orchps 

I'lastcring 

Painting 

Plumhinc 

Painter's  extras 

Paintinp  per  ,vard ,-„ 

Plasterer  and  painter.        171 

Plaster  eornir-.  .s  and  enriehments  175 
Papier-maeh      enter,  etc...  170 

Plaster  center  pieees 17,; 

Portland  cement  plastering.'  ' '  '    in'>' 
Plastering  externally ...  j^7, 

Portland  cement  work j 

.Portland  cement  fine  work.  1 


PAGE 

9:j 

93 

;i5 
no 

129 
l.Xi 
Kil 

lf>l 

102 

102 

105 

00 


Rails 


PAOB 


Hough  cast  .....'.'.'.'■.'■ .f? 

I{<K)(ing  tj|,..s 

Hiilg..  lilcs 

Heil  rooting  slate 

Hoofs  generall.v 

Hules  fur  .siding.  . 

Hules  for  making  entries.  '. . 


183  . 

189 

191 
200 
217 
235 
246 


183 


,-  v^M.ciii  line  work.  .  .        iso 

Pantiles.  " 

Plain  tiles  ....'.'.'.'.' 

PuH'le  rcwfing  slate 
Peach  Imttoin  slate 


Quant  it  ie.s 

Quarried  stone. 


R 


etc. 


19 
23 
24 
24 
25 
25 


20 
26 
SI 


188 
200 


Plumber 201 

Painte,   ;•    205 

Paper  hanger ^^ 

Pavements i'fl 

Preparing  for  slate  roofs. ..."  221 
Painter's  measureme'Us.  212 

Paper  hanger's  memoranda.        244 


12 
112 


neminders 

Remarks,  general. 

Rough  quantities. 

Regular  figures .  . 

RfH'k,  its  weight 

Railway  rates.  . 

iiainfall.  provide  for.  in," 

Rainwater  drains..  ,^ 

Rafters .'VT 

Rise  of  roof.  . 

Run  of  rafter. ..  ,,., 

Roofs 1^'' 

145 


20 
20 
28 
41 
85 
94 


143 


S.vstem  in  estimating.. 

Stucco  and  stucco  mouldings 

Shingle  r<K)f 

Slatt'  rixjf 

Scuttle 

Stairs 

Shower  bath „^ 

Slorm  sa.shes ^'' 

Scrci-n  doors " „„ 

Slop  hoppers 

Segments  of  circles 

S<.li.ls  tounded  by  plain  surfaces    6fi 

Spheres 

Spherical  segments l^ 

Spheroids ■  ■ " 

Stone  ma.son 

Stone  work 

Sand  on  a  .site 

Site  of  building  ....... 

Shoring  for  digging. 

Sheet  piling 

Stable  drains 

Stoneware  .train  pij^-s  '  ' '  "        ■   : 

Sills  and  lintels  .  "' 


84 
85 
94 
94 
06 
98 
107 


112 
112 


133 
134 


Stone  foundations  . 

Stables,  estimating  of  joT 

Sch'xiN,  estimating  of       ,,, 

Skating  rinks  "^ 

Sheds 

Stores  .... 

Shingles....' ]^* 

Slate  roofs ..'.'.'.'.'.■.'.■."■■     ,47 

Slates,  memoranda  .      .  .0 

Stair  rails  ...  , !? 

Slidingdoors  ^ 

Sashes 

Stone  work . 
•!*tuiif  a.shiar.-. 

S<mie  painter's  extras j^ 

Staining  and  varnishing. ...  . .  .   157 


ISO 
160 
164 
164 


INDEX 


253 


PAOE 

Solenitir  rpmrnt 185 

Kizi's  of  Ulfs   1N9 

StraiKht  tili'S 190 

SlattT's  KUUKe 195 

S<'a  Krcfii  .slate 201 

Slati-  luhle 202 

Slater 205 

Safe  bearinp  loads 209 

StiMk  liricks  ami  mortar '.  ,  211 

Sliinuliiit;  r(K)f,s 217 

Stiow  ami  wind  loads 219 

Slate  roof 221 

Sliiimle  riKif 222 

Slaiidiiii,'  warn  tin  roolinK   224 

S|M!itir  t,Tavity  and  weiRlits.  .  .  22(1 

Siirvevdr's  measure 229 

Siiiiare  iiiea.vure 229 

Surveyor's  sijuare  measure...  229 
Si  amiard  weigh  tsofCy|>re.s.s  lum- 
ber   2:u 

Siding  of  all  kind.s 2;!4 

T 

Transiwirtation 17 

Tirkler 19 

Two-.story  bay  window 24 

Towers 24 

Tin  roof 24 

Terra  ootta 25 

Transom  d(H)rs 20 

The  young  estimator,  ailvice.  .  .  34 

Tables  of  geometrical  figures ...  30 

Tables  of  polygons 37 

Tables  of  <lecimala,  etc 3S 

TraiH'zoids 30 

Triangle.s 38 

Tables  of  |iolygon.s 42 

The  circle  an<l  it  -i  parts 45 

The  ellipse  and  its  parts 40 

Table  of  area.s  of  segment.s  of 

circles     66 

T'lbles  of  areas  of  wines  of  circles  59 
Tables  of  projKirt  ion  of  length  of 

arcs 62 

Table  of  semi-elliptical  arcs.  ...  64 

Things  necessary  to  know 84 

TiVMciies  and  fiiuiidaiion  work.  93 

Trenehmg  illustratetl     98 

Table  of  weights  of  materials.  .  101 

Table  of  rough  prices 103 


PAOE 

Table  of  rough  surfaces 105 

Table  of  drains 105 

Table  of  pipes .  .  loO 

Table  of  cosl  of  uoli'd  buildings 

I>er  f(K)t 1. 

Timber  framing no 

Tin  roofs 1 46 

Table  for  slates 148 

Table  of  number  of  slates  per 

.sipiare i,'i2 

Tal)!.   for  cornices 154 

Talili-  for  Moors 1.54 

Table  for  plasterer 102 

'I'iling ISO 

Tiles  for  valleys,  hips,  anil  ridges  191 

The  slater 193 

Tables  of  cost  of  .slate 199 

Tables  of  sizes  of  elates 202 

Table  of  iron  pipes 207 

Table   of  number  of   bricks   in 

walls 208 

Table  of  brick  and  stone  masonry  209 

Table  of  materials 212 

Table  for  brickwork 213 

Thickness  of  brick  walls 215 

Table  for  estimating  shingles.  . .  217 

Table  of  weight  of  materials.    .  218 

To  compute  number  of  slates,  etc  218 

Terne  Plate 219 

Tin  r<x)f 222 

Table  for  tin  measurements.  . .  .  224 

The  metric  system 227 

Table   showing   depreciation  of 

buildings 2,30 

Table  of  weights  of  timlM>r 232 

Table  of  nails  to  the  pound  ....  241 

Table  for  painter's  work 242 

Table  of  lumber  measurement .  .  245 

U 

I'se  of  tables 43 

fse  ol  tables  of  areas 56 

V 

Veranda 22 

Ventilation 22 

Veneliali  blinds 25 

Vestibule  tIcMirs 26 

\'ers«'d  sines 61 

Valleys 147 


254 


INDEX 


Varnishing  ''*°'' 

Valley  tiles  ." '"» 

191 

W 

Wine  racks 

Windows,     lain. "^ 

Win.low,s.  ..rnamentai.'.' l^ 

We.Bht   of  one   yar.l   of  ear.!; 
clay,  sand,  etc 

WHKht  of  stone,  drain' tlle.s.etr'     11 
Weignts  of  materials.  ,^f 

Work  on  trenches...    "' 

Weeping  tiles....        "^ 

Wttinscotinif  "" 

* 155 


WIndinif  stairs..  '"*<'*' 

Windows **' 

W<H)d  and  iron  work !?? 

Wa«es  per  day  of  nine  hours"  20I 

Wmdpre.s.sure  on  roofs...  2.?o 

Wind  load  •  ■    •    .  -JJO 

Woods,  dry    220 

^\Varand  tear  of  building  mate:  ''" 

Weight^'oniaciJiccoast  lumber.  |^" 

Z 

Zinc  (lashings 


V^.;; 


:! 


f  PCIAL  NOTICE 

toBu,Jersand  those  Interested 
«  Bu,ld.„g  ^Modern  Home, 
at  1.0W  Cost  ^«  W  vy.  ^. 


r  4 


architects ofhouseathaf  I.  *''  "**'*  ''y  l«c_..„,„ 

not  only  Show  the  clpntVrVnd'"'?  '""  ''"•"•  ^''W 
to-date  methods  of  hSr^o  "„7*'*°' *''''»"»  "P- 
valuabie  suggestion,  oT  IVtZTt  '"*  ^•^«  ™*"y 
actual  cost  of  building     Th L  ,  "'   ""  ""'"*  ^^e 

compiled  and  edited  by  Mr  FrldrT^'''"'  '""  »'«'' 
contains  perspective  views  and  Jo     ""'"S"".  Architect. 

'•°" chools.  barns!  churchef.:[c"*"'' "'''"•"»"»'"« 

WE  Wish  ir '° '»'"  '^  -'-d  that  our 

dents,  but  are  houses  no,,?*?  V^  °°^  Papered  by  stu- 
t-s  throughout  the  uS  '^^5"'"  «  different  ,L,i- 
specification  blank,  and  blue  ofn.  ,*"*  ^*°"'*»-  The 
|n«de  with  great  care.  „d  1"';";^/"™"^'''  "^^ -^  "e 
'cally  construct  such  houseTi.  H  ?^  °"  *°  """O"" 
sibJe  cost.  ""'  *''  '•""•ed  at  the  least  pes- 


Freder,ekJ.Drake^Com.any 


C^What  our  Plans  Consist 


ALL  or  OUR  PLANS  are  accurately 
<lra'.vn  onc-cjuartcr  inch  scale  to  the 
foot. 

We  ur,e  only  the  best  (luality  heavy 
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We  furnish  for  a  complete  set  of  plans  : 


FRONT  ELEVATION 

REAR  ELEVATION 

LEFT  ELEVATION 

RIGHT  ELEVATION 

ALL  FLOOR  PLANS 

CELLAR  AND  FOUNDATION  PLANS 

ALL  NECESSARY  INTERIOR  DETAILS 

Specifications  consist  of  several  pages  of 
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carrying  out  the  work. 

We  guarantee  all  plans  and  specifications 
to  be  full,  complete  and  accurate  in  every  par- 
ticular. Every  plan  being  designed  and  drawn 
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Our  equipment  is  so  complete  that  we  can 
mail  to  you  the  same  day  the  order  is  received, 
a  complete  set  of  plans  and  specifications  of 
any  house  illustrated  herein. 

Our  large  sales  of  these  plans  demonstrates 
to  us  tlie  wisdom  of  making  these  very  low 
prices. 

ADDRrSS  Al.r.  ORPPRS  TO 

FREDERICK  J.  DRAKE  &  CO. 


211-213  East  Madisuii  Street 


CHICAGO 


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